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I gratefully acknowledge several scholars whose guidance helped me produce this book. Professor Brendan O’Leary of the London School of Economics and Political Science supervised this work in its original form as a Ph.D. dissertation , and Professor Gregorio Monreal Zia of the Universidad Pública de Navarra Wne-tuned the data regarding Basque Country history. José C. Moya, University of California, Los Angeles; Sebastian Balfour, London School of Economics, and Alfonso Pérez-Agote, University of the Basque Country, also added valuable improvements. Thank you to Sara Vélez Mallea for her many efforts on my behalf at the University of Nevada Press. The meticulous editing of Professor Emeritus William A. Douglass, University of Nevada, Reno, and of the University of Nevada Press’s editor, Margaret Fisher Dalrymple, facilitated my adjustments for the Wnal publication and corrected and enhanced the entire composition. Many thanks also to Razmik Panossian, London School of Economics, and to my mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, Federación de Entidades Vasco Argentinas, Idaho Humanities Council, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the Wnancial requirements of international travel. Four years of research involving travel in eight countries have created numerous debts of gratitude to many new friends. Eskerrik asko bihotzetik to those Basques who opened their homes and personal lives to me for interviews that often asked them to revisit painful memories. Their courage in surviving and overcoming their circumstances exempliWes the meaning of endurance and spirit and is indeed humbling. Sincere appreciation goes to Felipe Muguerza and Miren Arozarena in Argentina for generously aiding the re-creation of my Weldwork after my luggage was stolen—including my laptop computer, all the back-up disks, completed questionnaires, and taped interviews. It would have been easy to quit without their advocacy. To Gurutz Iguain, Carlota Oyarbide, Deli Ahuntchain, and Alberto Irigoyen for facilitating Weldwork , travel, and interviews, many Basque dinners, and an ever-open door in Uruguay—mila esker. Thanks to German Garbizu, Ion Guarrotxena, Víctor Ortuzar, and Raúl Noblecilla in Peru, my stay in Lima was academically and personally rewarding. In Australia, José Goicoechea, Dolores Mendiolea Acknowledgments xi 00front.qxd 8/27/03 4:53 PM Page xi Larrazabal, Mary Bengoa Arrate, Nekane Kandino, Miren Garagarza, Carlos and Miren Sanz Orúe, and Mari Asun Salazar all demonstrated an unbelievable solidarity with my project—commandeering living rooms and marshaling interview schedules. In Belgium, Ibon Mendibelzua helped organize questionnaire and interview details, and Enrike Pagoaga offered his home, ofWce, and kitchen table for endless conversations. My Weldwork in the United States really began over twenty years ago when, as a teenaged Basque dancer, I traveled with our troupe around the West meeting other Basques whom I found had the same double ethnic identity as I did. Two decades of Basque festivals, conferences, and serving as representative to Basque organizations have kept my antennae tuned to deWnitions of Basqueness. Thank you to former nabo presidents Bob Echeverria and Steve Mendive for sharing documents and many good laughs about the stamina and iron will of Basque women. Thanks also to Iñaki Aguirre Arizmendi, General Secretary of Foreign Action, and Josu Legarreta Bilbao, Director of Relations with Basque Collectivities of the Basque Autonomous Government, for providing much data and time for several interviews. Earning the Ph.D. and writing this book have required much dedication and sacriWce from my husband, John Kirtland, our daughter, Amaia, and myself. In addition to the Wnancial, emotional, and intellectual commitment, the years of e-mail marriage and mothering have been extremely challenging. We have endured my travels to London and throughout Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, Australia, Belgium, the Basque Country, and throughout the West of the United States; stolen luggage and data; health traumas; and the trials of adolescence . During the path of this research, there have been births and deaths and numerous spiritual renewals in my “Totoricagüena Tribe” of parents, Mari Carmen and Teodoro, and siblings Dolores, Tony, Carmen, Rosa Mari, Ted, and Teresa, and their families (who for various reasons are also the authors of this work). We are reinforced by our common family values of unconditional love, respect, pride, loyalty, and responsibility to each other and to our joint futures. I dedicate this book to my parents, whose experiences, from the bombing of Gernika and the Franco dictatorship to their lives as...

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