Identity, Culture, And Politics In The Basque Diaspora

Contents

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pp. vii-

List of Illustrations, Maps, Tables and Figures

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pp. ix-x

Acknowledgments

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pp. xi-xii

I gratefully acknowledge several scholars whose guidance helped me produce this book. Professor Brendan O’Leary of the London School of Economics and Political Science supervised this work in its original form as a Ph.D. dissertation, and Professor Gregorio Monreal Zia of the Universidad Pública de Navarra fine-tuned the data regarding ...

Introduction

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pp. xiii-xix

In November 1995, Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital city of the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain, hosted the First World Congress of Basque Collectivities. The fourteen different countries sending delegates ranged from Canada, with a few thousand Basques and one formal organization, to Argentina, which boasted ninety separate Basque organizations and numerous smaller ...

1. Ethnicity, Ethnic Identity Persistence, and Diaspora

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pp. 1-18

What exactly is meant by “ethnic identity,” and what is “ethnicity”? Is it the language one speaks and the civic territory in which one lives? In the case of the Basques, ancestry plays a crucial role in this determination. My research asked self-defining Basques these very questions: What does it take to be a Basque? Who is considered a Basque and who is not? ...

2. Basque Country History, Development of Basque Nationalism, and Contemporary Homeland Identity

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pp. 19-54

An ethnic group’s own history, both real and romanticized, is an active force in determining its present behavior and attitudes. In this chapter, I shall summarize the basic outline of Basque history, pointing out those elements that have most influenced the perceptions of Basques in the diaspora. It is obvious that the collective memory of diaspora populations represents a ...

3. Formation of the Basque Diaspora

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pp. 55-80

The political, economic, and social factors of migration are numerous, epoch-specific, and person-specific. New World economic and political opportunities, weighed against Old World uncertainties and upheaval, provided the general stimulus for emigration to the Americas. In the case of Basque emigration, the most salient push factors included Spanish colonization of the Americas and ...

4. Ethnonationalism and Political Attitudes in the Diaspora

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pp. 81-119

Basque communities in the diaspora have maintained collective memories that are intrinsic to their ethnic identity. Essential to that ensemble are the oppression and self-defense they perceive the Basque people to have experienced through the centuries, and the historical memory of the fueros and of self-government that is central to the reproduction of a nationalist ...

5. Basque Ethnicity Affirmation and Maintenance

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pp. 120-154

Basque diaspora populations have historically demonstrated their preferences for cultural rather than political activities relating to ethnic identity maintenance in their individual actions, Basque center activities, and now in their direct personal responses to my interviews and questionnaire. Specifically ...

6. Basque Government--Diaspora Relations

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pp. 155-191

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 attempts to offer a solution to demands for self-government from the state’s various regions while retaining centralist elements. Thus Article 2 begins with the “indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation” but later recognizes the “right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed,” establishing two levels of ...

7. Amaia: An Interconnected Disconnectedness

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pp. 192-208

The history of Basque transnationalism challenges the sociospatial assumptions of community, for these active ethnics have linked themselves simultaneously to networks of relationships and meaning from both host and home country since the time of marine trade and Spanish colonialism, through the Basque government-in-exile period, to contemporary Basque ...

Notes

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pp. 209-212

Glossary

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pp. 213-215

Sources

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pp. 217-254

Index

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pp. 255-273