Juan Bautista De Anza: Basque Explorer In The New World, 1693-1740

Notes

Notes preface 1. Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530 –1888 (San Francisco: History Company, 1889). 2. Herbert Eugene Bolton, Anza’s California Expeditions, 5 vols. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1930). 3. Alfred Barnaby Thomas, Forgotten Frontiers: A Study of the Spanish Indian Policy of Don Juan Bautista de Anza, Governor of New Mexico, 1777–1787 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932). 4. Bolton, Anza’s California Expeditions, vol. 1, Outpost of Empire, p. 43. 5. See, for example, Alberta Johnston Denis, Spanish Alta California (New York: Macmillan, 1927), p. 167; and, Fay Jackson Smith, Captain of the Phantom Presidio: History of the Presidio of Fronteras, New Spain, 1686 –1735, Including the Inspection by Brigadier Pedro de Rivera in 1726 (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark, 1993), pp. 33 n. 3, 136. 6. See, for example, Donald Rowland, “The Sonora Frontier of New Spain, 1735– 1745,” New Spain and the Anglo-American West: Historical Contributions Presented to Herbert Eugene Bolton, ed. George P. Hammond (Lancaster, Pa.: Lancaster Press, 1932), p. 150 n. 9; Rufus Kay Wyllys, Arizona: The History of a Frontier State (Phoenix: Hobson and Herr, 1950), p. 51; Paul M. Roca, Paths of the Padres through Sonora (Tucson: Arizona Pioneers Historical Society, 1970), p. 396; The Old West: The Spanish West (New York: Time-Life Books, 1973), p. 70; and Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest , 1540 –1795 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975), p. 557. In her account, Dr. John even has the fictitious first Juan Bautista de Anza, as well as the second (actually the true first), both killed by Apaches in Sonora. In reality, the Anza of that first generation, Antonio de Anza, died of natural causes in Hernani, Gipuzkoa, Spain, having never set foot on the American continent. The maternal grandfather of the junior Juan Bautista de Anza, Antonio Bezerra Nieto, actually was a presidial captain, but in Chihuahua, not Sonora. He, too, died of natural causes. The only Anza family member, whether maternal or paternal, to be killed by Apaches was Juan Bautista de Anza, the father. 7. Julio César Montané Martí, Juan Bautista de Anza: Diario del Primer Viaje a la California, 1774 (Hermosillo: Reprográfica, S.A., 1989), pp. 7, 9. 8. His paternal grandfather was Antonio de Anza and his maternal grandfather was Antonio Bezerra Nieto, both of whom are discussed extensively in the body of this work. 227 9. The difficulty in reading the archaic Spanish is often multiplied tenfold when the writer was Basque (or of some other ethnic background) and spoke broken Spanish, such as our subject, or if his education was limited. The handwriting is often poor or written on pages that are now rotting away with ink that has run and/or smeared. See, for example , eight small pages of Antonio María Bucareli y Ursua’s personal handwriting in Donald T. Garate, “Anza’s Return from Alta California: Anza Correspondence, 1776 – 1778,” in Antepasados, vol. IX (San Leandro: Los Californianos, 1998), which took this author over eighty hours to translate and prepare for publication. This kind of difficulty has discouraged English-speaking scholars from examining primary documents closely or even consulting them. 10. As an example, many writers of the day spell our subjects’ name “Ansa,” as do most of their relatives still living in the Basque Country today. The elder Anza, however, spelled his name “Juan Bauptista de Anssa,” and his son spelled it “Juan Baptista de Anza.” In the massive documentation still in existence in archives in Spain it is found that the grandfather spelled his name “Antonio de Ansa” one-third of the time and “Antonio de Anssa” two-thirds of the time. In fact, on August 29, 1709 he spelled his surname both “Ansa” and “Anssa” one time each, and on June 17, 1710, he spelled his name “Ansa” twice and “Anssa” once. See Hernaniko Udalaren Artxiboa (hereinafter hua), E-7-I-11-5, Informes de Antonio de Ansa, ff. 7v, 26v. With variations like this, who can say what is correct! Since Juan Bautista de Anza, the son, spelled his surname with a z, the spelling of the name has been standardized accordingly throughout this work. Modern spelling rules have also been applied to all other Spanish and Basque names and words. For example, “Bauptista” as spelled by the senior Anza, and “Baptista” as spelled by the junior Anza...