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Acknowledgments I especially want to thank Felice Levine, former program director of the Law and Social Sciences Division, National Science Foundation, and seven anonymous reviewers. Felice and the reviewers offered encouragement and provided useful insights that made my final proposal acceptable. The National Science Foundation provided a generous Law and Social Sciences Division Grant (nsf # ses 8720939 , $65,250), 1988–1990. Without this support this project could not have been completed. I will always be grateful. I owe a great deal to many others who helped make this project a success. Professor Roger Cunniff, Department of History, San Diego State University, a good friend and an honest critic, provided the catalyst that helped me to reformulate my paradigm from one of place to one that focuses on race, which clearly distinguishes this manuscript from my previous work. His insightful reading at a critical stage of manuscript preparation enabled me to refocus on the issues that defined the treatment of defendants in nineteenth-century California. I especially wish to thank Professor Gordon Bakken, California State University at Fullerton ; Dr. Martin Ridge, Senior Researcher, Huntington Library, San Marino; and the anonymous reviewers who provided critical analysis that immeasurably improved this book. And a special thanks to Tom Farrington, photography, Instructional Technology Services, San Diego State University. I also wish to thank Sandy Crooms and Chris Campbell, University of Nevada Press, and Jan McInroy, an excellent copyeditor. I owe a great debt of gratitude to many county records clerks, staff members, archivists, and librarians who helped me during the research process. These include archivists Joseph Samora and Laren Metzer, California State Archives; Richard Crawford, former archivist and director, San Diego Historical Society Research Archives; Julie Rodewald, county clerk-recorder, San Luis Obispo County; Santa Barbara County clerical staff; Nadine Jackson, former county clerk, Calaveras County; Lorrayne Kennedy, archivist, Calaveras Historical Society; Tuolumne County clerical staff; Ralph W. Epperson, county clerk, San Joaquin County; archivist Charlene Gilbert, Sacramento Historical Society Archives; Nancy E. Loe, director, Special Collections and University Archives, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Janene E. Ford, Library/Archives Assistant, Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections, University of the Pacific; the California State Library; and the San Diego Public Library. xii Acknowledgments Finally, a special thanks to Leticia McCart and Gene Stein, Grant Information Services, San Diego State University Foundation. Their guidance, encouragement , budget proposal suggestions, and support were instrumental in securing the nsf grant. I will always be grateful. ...

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