Assassination of Hole in the Day

Notes

225 Notes Abbreviations Used in Notes Notes below use abbreviations. For full information, consult the Bibliography. Repositories MHS Minnesota Historical Society NA National Archives SHSW State Historical Society of Wisconsin ABCFMP American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions­ Papers, MHS AFCP American Fur Company ­ Papers, MHS ARP Alexander Ramsey ­ Papers, MHS BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs CFXGP Charles Francis Xavier Goldsmith ­ Papers, SHSW CMHS Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society COIA Commissioner of Indian Affairs CSHSW Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin DIWER “Documents of an Investigation of the White Earth­Reservation,” NA and MHS GLNP Grace Lee Nute ­ Papers, MHS GPO Government Printing Office HWP Henry Whipple ­ Papers, MHS JBP Joel Bassett ­ Papers, MHS JSP Julia A. Warren Spears ­ Papers, MHS LTP Lawrence Taliaferro ­ Papers, MHS M Microfilm MRNM Manuscripts Relating to Northwest Missions 226  Notes to Pages xi–xviii NAMP National Archives Microfilm Publications OIA Office of Indian Affairs R Roll RDI Records of the Department of the Interior RG Record Group Notes Note to Preface 1. Letter to editor dated June 30, 1868, anonymously authored by “B” (who claimed to have known Bagone-­ giizhig for fifteen years) and first published in St. Cloud Times, July 11, 1868. 2. Letter to editor, St. Cloud Times, July 11, 1868; Eastman, Indian Heroes; Brunson, “Sketch,” 5:387–401; Clark, “Reminiscences,” 5:378–86; Diedrich, The Chiefs; Meyer, White Earth Tragedy; Chute, Legacy of Shingwaukonse; Warren, History; Copway, Life, Letters and Speeches, 133–37. 3. Treuer, Living Our Language. The Oshkaabewis Native Journal (Bemidji State University ) is the only academic journal of the Ojibwe language. 4. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 reestablished the right of tribes to govern themselves and removed reservations from direct control by the Office of Indian Affairs ’ system of Indian agents, Indian Police, and Courts of Indian Offenses. The agency’s name changed from Office of Indian Affairs to Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1947. Allotment stopped with the IRA, but the policy only officially ended in 2006, when the Bureau of Land Management internally repealed it. There was no legislative reversal or termination of the Dawes Act, the original legislation that enabled allotment of Indian reservation land. On the matter of oral history being accepted as legitimate, see Wilson, Remember This and In the Footsteps. 5. Nineteenth-­ century and twenty-­ first-­ century Ojibwe language and culture are not identical. Other scholars have discussed the pitfall of upstreaming, a term developed by early anthropologists but also discussed by prominent historians of Great Lakes Indian history. See Richard White, Middle Ground, xiv; Schenck, Voice of the Crane, 8. 6. Bagone-­ giizhig corresponded several times with Dakota leaders such as Little Crow. Usually, he dictated his thoughts in Ojibwe, then had them translated into English and mailed. Little Crow then had Bagone-­ giizhig’s letters translated into Dakota and relayed to him orally. For multilingual documents, see, for example, Nichols, Statement Made by the Indians. This petition was submitted in the Ojibwe language to U.S. government officials . Nichols reworked the translation, converting it to double-­ vowel orthography. 7. Warren’s other writings abound in news­ papers and archives. An especially useful work in following his career, thoughts, and writings is Schenck, William Warren. 8. William W. Warren, “Letter to the Editor,” Minnesota Democrat, Jan. 28, 1851; Negwanebi to the President of the United States, Aug. 21, 1847, NAMP, M 234, R 389. 9. Eastman, Indian Heroes, 102–9. 10. Meyer, White Earth Tragedy; Kugel, Main Leaders; Schenck, Voice of the Crane; Chute, Legacy of Shingwaukonse. 11. Nichols and Nyholm, Concise Dictionary. See also the Oshkaabewis Native Journal (Bemidji State University, 1990–present), especially Treuer, “New Directions”; Vollum and Vollum, Ojibwemowin; and Treuer, Living Our Language. Several Ojibwe orthographies have been developed. They include the Frederic Baraga system, which used complicated French and Finnish writing conventions to represent Ojibwe sounds; a syllabic form of writing Notes to Pages xix–3   227 Algonquian languages with unique symbols developed by missionary James Evans in the early nineteenth century, which gained wide acceptance in some Ojibwe communities, especially in Canada; a diacritic orthography; and the very inconsistent folk-­ phonetic system (writing it how it sounds). For the Baraga system, see Baraga, Dictionary. His work was also edited by a missionary named Albert Lacombe, who was familiar with the Cree language but not with Ojibwe. Lacombe altered many entries and introduced numerous inconsistencies and errors, eroding the value...