Assassination of Hole in the Day

Appendix C

215 Appendix C Important Event Chronology 1800 Bagone-­ giizhig the Elder born at La Pointe, Wisconsin 1820 Bagone-­ giizhig the Elder moves to Sandy Lake, Minnesota 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien draws lines between Ojibwe and Dakota lands in Minnesota; Sandy Lake chief Curly Head dies; Bagone-­ giizhig the Elder becomes a chief at Sandy Lake 1827 Bagone-­ giizhig the Younger born 1834 John Johnson (half-­Ottawa missionary) moves to Minnesota and soon marries Bagone-­ giizhig’s niece, Biiwaabiko-­ giizhigookwe, and is adopted as a son by Bagone-­ giizhig 1836 Wisconsin Territory (which initially included all of present-­ day Minnesota east of the Mississippi) organized 1836–38 Bagone-­ giizhig the Elder, his family, and many followers establish new villages at Swan River, Rabbit Lake, Leaf River, Crow Wing, and Gull Lake; he is the undisputed primary chief of the newly settled area 1837 Treaty of St. Peters: the first Ojibwe land cessions in Minnesota, near Mille Lacs, adjacent to Bagone-­ giizhig’s newly settled villages; white hamlet of Crow Wing established across the river from the Indian village 1847 Treaty at Leech Lake: cedes Pillager title to Long Prairie in preparation for moving the Ho-­ Chunk and Menominee there; Bagone-­ giizhig the Elder dies; Bagone-­ giizhig the Younger becomes chief at Gull Lake; Treaty of Fond du Lac: cedes Lake Superior and Mississippi title to Long 216  Assassination of Hole in the Day Prairie to enable Ho-­ Chunk and Menominee relocation; Bagone-­ giizhig the Younger’s first diplomatic foray 1848 Wisconsin becomes a state 1849 Minnesota Territory formed 1850 Sandy Lake annuity tragedy: President Zachary Taylor orders Michigan and Wisconsin Ojibwe relocated to Sandy Lake, the only place they can now receive annuities , but the government feeds Indians moldy flour and bad meat, resulting in food poisoning and 550 deaths 1854 Treaty of La Pointe: cedes Arrowhead region of northeastern Minnesota 1855 Treaty of Washington, DC: cedes all Mississippi Ojibwe lands in Minnesota except for newly established reservations 1862 U.S.–Ojibwe Conflict: Bagone-­ giizhig manipulates other Ojibwe leaders to threaten and pressure U.S. government during U.S.–Dakota Conflict in southern Minnesota 1863 Treaty of Washington, DC: cedes Mississippi Ojibwe lands and calls for their removal to Leech Lake; the only land cession treaty affecting his people that Bagone-­ giizhig did not attend; “Old Crossing” Treaty: cedes northwestern Minnesota 1864 Treaty of Washington, DC: alters terms of removal order for the Mississippi Ojibwe to Leech Lake, allowing Mille Lacs Ojibwe to stay in Mille Lacs 1867 Treaty of Washington, DC: creates White Earth Reservation and calls for removal of all Ojibwe from central Minnesota 1868 Bagone-­ giizhig is assassinated on his way to Washington to renegotiate White Earth removal 1887 Dawes Act: enables nationwide policy of allotment 1889 Nelson Act: implements allotment of most reservations in Minnesota; gains land cessions from Red Lake 1934 Indian Reorganization Act: ends allotment, transforms the intended function of the Office of Indian Affairs from supervisory to advisory, and enables the establishment of modern tribal governments nationwide ...