Long Hard Road: American POWs During World War II

Notes

278 Notes Notes to Preface 1. Donald A. Ritchie, Doing Oral History (New York: Twayne, 1995), 11, 14. 2. Samuel Hynes, The Soldiers’ Tale: Bearing Witness to Modern War (New York: Penguin, 1997), 25. Notes to“It’s Never Going to Happen to Me” 1. David Rolf, Prisoners of the Reich: Germany’s Captives, 1939–1945 (London: Leo Cooper, 1988), 4; U.S. War Department, Pamphlet No. 21–7, “If You Should Be Captured These Are Your Rights,” May 16, 1944. 2. Rolf, Prisoners of the Reich, 3. Notes to Chapter 1 1.“Europe” here includes continental Europe and Italy but also North Africa and the Mediterranean. No navy or marine corps personnel were listed on this document : see Military Intelligence Service, War Department, “American POWs in Germany,” November 1945; quoted in John Nichol and Tony Rennell, The Last Escape: The Untold Story of Allied Prisoners of War in Europe, 1944–45 (New York: Viking, 2002), 466. On pages 462–66, these authors also explain the difficulty of determining accurate numbers for British and American POWs in Germany and review various sources. Breakdown for airmen and ground forces in David Foy, For You the War Is Over: American Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany (New York: Stein and Day, 1984), 12. 2. Quote from Foy, For You the War Is Over, 37. 3. S. P. MacKenzie, The Colditz Myth: The Real Story of POW Life in Germany (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2004), 37–41; researcher Greg Hadley documents this with his thorough examination of the downing of a B-29 on July 19–20, 1945, outside the city of Niigata. See Field of Spears: The Last Mission of the Jordan Crew (London: Paulownia Press, 2007), quote, p91. Also Gavan Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific (New York: William Morrow, 1994), 320–22. 4. Tom Lansford, “Bataan Death March,” in Stanley Sander, ed., World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland, 2001), 101–3; John W. Whitman , “Fall of the Philippines,” in Sander, ed., World War II in the Pacific, 478–83. 5. Donald Knox, Death March: The Survivors of Bataan (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1981), 118–71; Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese, 73–83; Lansford estimates 650 Americans died: see “Bataan Death March,” 103. H H H H H H H H H H H H H 6. Extensive evidence in Brian MacArthur, Surviving the Sword: Prisoners of the Japanese in the Far East, 1942–45 (New York: Random House, 2005); Daws, Prisoners of the Japanese. Both works also contain bibliographies of firsthand accounts . S. P. MacKenzie, “The Treatment of Prisoners in World War II,” Journal of Modern History 66 (Sep 1994): 513–14, quotes, p512–13. See also John Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986), 67–68; Saburo Ienaga, The Pacific War, 1931–45: A Critical Perspective on Japan’s Role in World War II (New York: Random House, 1978), 49–50; Jonathan F. Vance, “Prisoners of War,” in Sander, ed., World War II in the Pacific, 486–87. 7. There were 11,000 prisoners held at the 92nd Garage: 4,000 Americans and 7,000 Filipinos. Van Waterford, Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II (London and Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1994), 254; E. Bartlett Kerr, Surrender and Survival: The Experience of American POWs in the Pacific, 1941–1945 (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 69–75; John A. Glusman, Conduct Under Fire: Four American Doctors and Their Fight for Life as Prisoners of the Japanese, 1941–1945 (New York: Viking, 2005), 203–6. Notes to Chapter 2 1. MacKenzie, The Colditz Myth, 49–54; the official name was Durchgangslager Luftwaffe, or German Air Force Transit Camp. Opened in 1939, the Dulag Luft complex housed a main interrogation center, a hospital facility, and a transit camp at the nearby town of Wetzlar, where prisoners were sent after interrogation and prepared for the move to a permanent camp. “Dulag Luft,” at http://www.b24.net/ (accessed Mar 27, 2007). Also MacKenzie, The Colditz Myth, 54–56, and Foy, For You the War Is Over, 53. Some camp locations shifted late in the war due to Allied air strikes: Arthur A. Durand sorts this out in Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story (Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 57–58. 2. Interrogation techniques: Rolf, Prisoners of the Reich, 11–26; Foy, For You the War Is Over, 45...