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281 notes Chapter 1 1 Oregon Journal, Feb. 21, 1974, 1. 2 “east Portland review,” Portland Planning bureau, 2007. 3 See Gregory thompson, Oregon Journal,“how Portland’s Power brokers Accommodated the Anti-highway Movement of the early 1970s: the Decision to build Light rail,” in business and economic history OnLine , vol.3, 2005, archived at www.hnet .org/~business/bhcweb/publications/ behonline/beh.html. 4 Oregonian, July 26, 1974, 1. 5 Comment by City Commissioner Francis Ivancie to author Leeson, 1973. 6 Oregonian, Dec. 26, 1994, b1. 7 See “recollections of David hupp” at www.pdx.edu/usp/planpdxorg-home. 8 Don Clark, interview with ernie bonner at www.pdx.edu/usp/ plandpdxorg-home. 9 Oregonian, Jan. 6, 1972, Sec. 2, 14. 10 Clark, interview with bonner. 11 Oregonian, Nov. 22, 1972, 1. 12 Ibid., July 25, 1974, 27. 13 Ibid., Feb. 9, 1986, b1. 14 Ibid., Jan. 8, 1974, 12. 15 Ibid. 16 Oregon Journal, Feb. 21, 1974.1. 17 Oregonian, Feb. 22, 1974, 1. Chapter 2 1 Journals of Lewis and Clark, Nov. 5, 1805; http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl. edu/index.html. 2 McArthur, 528. Other authors variously spelled the name as Multonomah and Multenomough. holman, 42-48; WPA inventory, Vol . i, 3. On the Lewis and Clark return trip homeward in 1806, they used the present-day spelling of Multnomah. McArthur, 528; McCarthy, 172; Corning, 53; Historical sites Tour Guide, Multnomah County, Item #8. 3 McArthur, 528, 652-53. the name Wapato is today preserved as the name of a 525-bed county corrections facility in North Portland, completed in 2004 but still unoccupied as of 2012. 4 beckham, 38; Zucker, inside front cover; McArthur, 652-53; Oregon Blue Book, 2007-2008, 257. 5 Chilton, 38. 6 Nearly 25 miles of the Sandy river are included in the Wild and Scenic rivers system. www.rivers.gov/; accessed Nov. 17, 2008. 7 Zucker, 60; Corning, 80-81, 173. At the time Multnomah County was created, the northernmost part of the island was assigned to Columbia County. 8 robbins, 58-59; WPA inventory, Vol . i, 4; holman, 42. Also see Oregon Historical Quarterly, June 1928, 152-57. 9 1930 Census data, as reported in “historical Sketch of Multnomah County,” INv-1, 42; 2000 data from U.S. Census bureau, Census 2000. 10 http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/ states/41000.html; accessed April 12, 2006; U.S. Census bureau, Census 2000; accessed June 19, 2000. the federal 2000 census counted 39,000 multiracial Native Americans in the Portland Metropolitan Service Area. Of the Multnomah County total, 40 percent were under the age of twenty-five. half of the total were 200 percent under the poverty level. 282 notes to pages 11-15 11 “Portland Oregon Urban Native DAtA Sheet,” Native American Youth and Family Center (NAYA), Feb 2009, and 2004 study by the Northwest Area Foundation; U.S. Census bureau; Census 2000. 12 Overall bureau of Indian Affairs policy of the 1950s was also a factor in moving Native Americans off reservations and into cities. Jaimes, 15-16; Native American Youth and Family Center (NAYA) fact sheet, Feb. 2009. 13 Oregon Blue Book, 2007-2008, 223. Smaller reservation populations included the Confederated tribes of the Warm Springs, 4,306; Siletz, 4,294; Klamaths, 3,572; Umatilla, 2,557; Cow Creek, 1,397; Coquille, 848; Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw, 831; and burns Paiute, 349. 14 Oregon, Federal Writers’ Project, 208; Maddux, 11. 15 Lansing, 20-21. 16 MacColl, shaping, 66, 70. 17 Oregonian, Dec. 21, 1854, 1. 18 Washington County provided 440 of the 869 votes cast against calling a constitutional convention. the total tally was 3,210 for to 4,079 against. Oregonian, July 15, 1854; Scott, vol. 2, 77-78. 18 voters had resisted the call for a constitutional convention for several years. republican Oregonian editor Dryer argued that taxes would rise, that the Democratic Party would benefit, and that the territory lacked sufficient men of quality to fill state offices. Oregonian, Feb. 15, 2009, b6; Maddux, 33. 20 WPA inventory, Vol . i, 3. the weather was mild, with ample annual rainfall of around 44 inches. Annual rainfall for the years 1971-2000 ranged from 37 to 43 inches at Portland stations, 45 inches at troutdale, and 78 inches at bonneville Dam. www.ocs.orst. edu/county_climate/Multnomah_files/ Multnomah.html; accessed Oct. 22, 2007. 21 In 1950, the population of Multnomah County was 471,537, while the entire state had reached 1,521,341. In 2010, the U...