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PAGE 102 ASSERTING NATIVE RESILIENCE: PACIFIC RIM INDIGENOUS NATIONS FACE THE CLIMATE CRISIS Solomon, S., G. K. Plattner, R. Knutti, and P. Friedlingstein. 2009. Irreversible Climate Change due to Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(6):1704–1709. Stachowicz, John, Jeffrey Terwin, Robert Whitlatch, and Richard Osman. 2002. Linking Climate Change and Biological Invasions: Ocean Warming Facilitates Nonindigenous Species Invasions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(24):15497–15500. Waggoner, Paul E., ed. 1990. Climate Change and U.S. Water Resources. New York: John Wiley and Sons. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WOMEN’S AND CHILDREN’S HEALTH Debra McNutt Graduate student in Master of Public Administration Tribal Concentration program, ἀ e Evergreen State College (Olympia, Washington). ἀ is study was produced for the Community Alliance and Peacemaking Project. “Children inherit the societies that adults build.” —Katherine Shea & Sophie J. Balk Climate change is not just about global warming, but about instability in our natural world caused by the burning of carbon in oil and coal. “Rainfall and freshwater availability, average temperatures, agricultural growth zones and sea level all will change. Ecological and human health consequences can be anticipated and some are already being measured” (Shea and Balk 2007, 3). Some areas may get hotter and drier, while other areas may get cooler or wetter. But either way, the most vulnerable people in these changing conditions are women and children. Women are extremely vulnerable to climate change and may bear an unreasonably large share of the burden of adaptation. The young, the elderly, the poor, the frail, and those who live in the top floors of apartment buildings and lack access to air conditioning, especially in large urban areas, are particularly vulnerable (Duncan 2007). Children are likely to suffer disproportionately from the direct and indirect health consequences of a rapidly warming world … children are more sensitive than adults to harm from environmental hazards. Climate change Daimaru, Nobuyuki Tanaka. 2004. Probability Distributions, Vulnerability and Sensitivity in Fagas crenata Forests Following Predicted Climate Change in Japan. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:605–614. McFadzien, Diane, Francis Areki, Tarai Biuvakadua, and Monifa Fiu. 2004. Climate Witness Community Toolkit. Suva, Fiji: World Wildlife Federation, South Pacific Programme. McLaughlin, John F., Jessica J. Hellmann, Carol L. Boggs, and Paul R. Ehrlich. 2002. Climate Change Hastens Population Extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(9):6070–6074. Meehl, Gerald A., Warren M. Washington, Benjamin D. Santer, and William D. Collins. 2006. Climate Change Projections for the Twenty-First Century and Climate Change Commitment in the CCSM3. Journal of Climate 19(11):2597–2616. Moreno, Fidel. 2000. In the Arctic, Ice Is Life—and It’s Disappearing. Native Americas, Feb. 11. Nunn P. D. 2003. Revising Ideas about Environmental Determinism: Human-Environment Relations in the Pacific Islands. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 44(1):63–72. Parker, David E. 2006. A Demonstration that LargeScale Warming is not Urban. Journal of Climate 19(12):2882–2894. Peterson, James, and Thomas Kwak. 1999. Modeling the Effects of Land Use and Climate Change on Riverine Smallmouth Bass. Ecological Applications 9(4):1391–1404. Polyak, Victor J., and Yemane Asmerom. 2001. Late Holocene Climate and Cultural Changes in the Southwestern United States. Science 294(5540):148– 151. Riedlinger, Dyanna. 2001. Responding to Climate Change in Northern Communities: Impacts and Adaptations. InfoNorth (Arctic) 54(1):96–98. Rosentrater, Lynn, ed. 2005. 2° is Too Much! Evidence and Implications of Dangerous Climate Change in the Arctic. www.panda.org/downloads/arctic/05012 9evidenceandimplicationshires.pdf Shelley, Suzanne. 2006. Global Warming: On the Front Burner. Chemical Engineering 113(6):19–23. Smithers, S. G., D. Hopley, and K. E. Parnell. 2006. Fringing and Nearshore Coral Reefs of the Great Barrier Reef: Episodic Holocene Development and Future Prospects. Journal of Coastal Research 22(1):175–187. PAGE 103 II. EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATE CRISIS and have thicker subcutaneous fat that prevents them from cooling themselves as efficiently as men. Fortunately , heat-related health impacts can be reduced through … the use of air conditioners, increased intake of fluids, the development of community-wide heat emergency plans, and improved heat-warning systems.” Air conditioning can help, but it contributes to higher electrical use that can cause more climate change. The effects of heat waves are felt disproportionately by elders and children: This is a concern primarily for the elderly; infants and small children are at greater risk than the average adult from heat stroke and death under extreme temperature conditions. Very small children...

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