Oregon Archaeology

Contents

Contents Preface and Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 Archaeology, Ethnology, Ecology, and Human History on the Millennial Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Ethnology and Archaeological Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Environment and Archaeological Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Archaeological Places and Culture Areas in Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 The Coming of the First Americans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2 Northern Great Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Environment and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Native Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Time and Environmental Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Cultural Chronology and Time Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Time and Culture History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Paisley Period (>15,700 to 12,900 Years Ago) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Fort Rock Period (12,900 to 9,000 Years Ago) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Lunette Lake Period (9,000 to 6,000 Years Ago). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Bergen Period (6,000 to 3,000 Years Ago) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Boulder Village Period (3,000 Years Ago to Historic Contact) . . . . . . . 109 Historic Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 3 Columbia Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 The Cultural Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 The Natural Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 The Missoula Floods Shaped the Human Landscape. . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Pioneer Populations (14,000 to 7,600 Years Ago) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Foragers in Transition (7,600 to 3,000 Years Ago). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Permanent Settlements and Complex Societies: the Plateau Period (3,000 to 200 Years Ago) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Archaeology of the Historic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4 Lower Columbia and Oregon Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 The Oregon Coast in Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Oregon and the Northwest Coast Culture Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Geologic History and the Archaeological Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 By Land or by Sea? The Coastal Migration Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene (13,000 to 7,500 Years Ago) . . . . . 221 The Middle Holocene (ca. 7,500 to 3,000 Years Ago). . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 The Late Holocene (After 3,000 Years Ago). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Archaeology of the Historic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 5 The Willamette Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 Physical Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Cultural Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene (ca. 13,000 to 7,500 Years Ago) . . . 289 The Middle Holocene (7,500 to 3,000 Years Ago). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 The Late Holocene (from 3,000 Years Ago to the Contact Era) . . . . . . . 300 The Contact Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Archaeology of the Historic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Urbanization and Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 6 Southwestern Mountains and Valleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328 The Cultural Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 The Natural Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Early Holocene/Pre-Mazama Era (13,200 to 7,600 Years Ago) . . . . . . . 335 Middle Holocene and Early Late Holocene (7,600 to 1,700 Years Ago). . . 342 Late Holocene (1,700 to 200 Years Ago). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Cultural Continuity and Divergence in the Southwestern Mountains: Borax Lake Pattern, Glade Tradition, Siskiyou Pattern, and Gunther Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Archaeology of the Historic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 7 Oregon Native American Cultural Diversity and Integration with an Epilogue on Cultural Resource Management Archaeology in Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Oregon-wide Parallels in Environmental and Cultural History . . . . . . . 390 Language History in Aboriginal Oregon: Old Settlers and Later Arrivals . 392 Intellectual, Economic, and Spiritual Connections to the Land . . . . . . . 397 Cultural Diversity and Social Interaction Among Regional Groups in Native Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Aboriginal Trade and Travel Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Ecological and Sociopolitical Roles of Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Conflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 The Euroamerican Taking of Oregon Native Lands: Trade, Disease, Settlers, War, and Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Epilogue: Cultural Resource Management Archaeology in Oregon . . . . 416 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485 ...