Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction

Index

464 STUDIES IN OUTDOOR RECREATION Index activities, recreation: 22-30 attributes, effect on substitutability, 22528 distribution of, 30-33 in benefits-based management, 168-69, 170-81 social meaning, effect on substitutability, 226 adaptive management, 327 age, relationship to recreation, 33-37 alikeness: effect on perceived crowding, 122-26 influence on encounters, 206-14 attitudes: effect on perceived crowding, 120 for area management, 78-79 for backcountry facilities and services, 63, 66-71 toward backcountry management practices, 63-65 toward developed areas, 60 visitor vs. manager, 78-79 behavior, effect on perceived crowding, 122 behavioral approach: empirical studies of, 169-81 levels or hierarchies of outdoor recreation, 168-69, 188 linking activities, settings and motivations, 196-201 benchmarking, 159 Beneficial Outcomes Approach to Leisure (BOAL), 182 benefits, attributed to recreation, 168-69, 183-85 benefits-based management (BBM): activities in, 168-69, 170-81 issues with, 186-88 motivations, 168-69, 170-81 relationships in ROS, 200-201 settings, 168-69 carrying capacity: 81-97; See also Limits of Acceptable Change, Visitor Experience and Resource Protection components, 83-84, 85-85, 93 criticism of, 93-95 frameworks, 87-92, 96 origins, 81-82 problem in management, 316-17 types of, 81-84 Carrying Capacity Assessment Process (C-CAP), 88 childhood influences, See socialization cognitive dissonance, 114 communication, importance of, 338-39, 340, 343 community, influence on recreation, 41, 42-48 concentration index, 30-31 conflict: 206-19, definition, 208 empirical studies of, 211-15, 219 examples of, 206-8 expanded conflict model, 216-17 managing, 217-18, 219, 282, 316 measuring, 215, 219 theoretical models of, 208-11 coping behavior, 105, 110-16, 135, 217, 219 crowding: 98-136 concern with, 98-99 empirical studies of, 99-105 expanded crowding model, 110-16 methodological issues, 129-34, 135 normative definition of, 116-29, 135 relationship to substitutability, 220-36 response to, 110-16 satisfaction model, 101-16 situational variables, 126-29 social and psychological studies of, 105-16 use level and contacts, 129-30 crowding norms, effect of demographics and culture on, 121 464 INDEX 465 day use, 317 demographic/socioeconomic variables, influence on participation, 33-39, 40-43 demographics and culture, effect on perceived crowding, 121 discrepancy theory, 208 discrimination hypothesis, 46-47 displacement: due to crowding, 229 due to increased use, 15, 20, 110-14, 116 diversity in outdoor recreation, 16-19, 20, 190-91, 323-24, 342 education, relationship to activities, 33-37; See also information/education programs elasticity of demand, 302-3 environmental factors, effect on perceived crowding, 128 environmental impacts: management practices, 315 visitor perception of, 74-76, 79 visitor vs. manager perception of, 76-78, 79 ethnicity: See race and ethnicity ethnicity hypothesis, 45-46, 47-50 expanded crowding model, 110-16, 134 expectancy theory, 12-13, 168, 186, 188, 208 expectations, effect on perceived crowding, 116, 117-19 experience: categories of, 237-39 concept of, 237-38 effect on perceived crowding, 119-20 influence on recreation-related attitudes, preferences and behavior, 238-48 measures of, 238-42, 245 Experience Use History (EUH), 239, 240-41, 264 Fee Demonstration Program, 300, 304 fees: as a management practice, 300-16, 320 attitudes toward, 301-4 differential pricing, 305-6 discriminatory effect, 305 floating baseline effect, 118 gender, See sex and gender Geographic Information Systems, 341 Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, 279 Global Positioning Systems, 34 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), 12, 15 group size and type: effect on perceived crowding, 121-22 rules and regulations, 307-8 importance-performance framework, 142-43 income, relationship to activities, 33-37 indicators of quality: criteria, 140-41, 163 examples of, 346-55 explanation of, 86-92, 137, 163 identification of, 142-46 influencing management decisions, 32526 , 337 methodological issues, 150-62, 165 normative approach, 137 indifference curve, 72 information/education programs, 279-92 Journal of Leisure Research, 6, 7, 8, 10, 300 Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 8, 10, 300 Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1964, 25 law enforcement, 306, 309-11, 321 Leave No Trace (LNT), 279, 289 Leisure Sciences, 10 leisure social worlds, 238-49, 254 Limits of Acceptable Change: 84-85, 88, 9192 , 96, 325, 329; See also carrying capacity literature in outdoor recreation: 382-92 bibliographic services, 389-90 books, 387-89 government documents, 387 journals, 382-84 proceedings, 384-87 Web sites, 391-92 literature review, importance of, 339 location within an area, effect on perceived crowding, 127-28 management objectives: as differentiated from practices, 328 as related...