Toward One Oregon: Rural-Urban Interdependence and the Evolution of a State

Notes

167 Notes Preface 1Toward One Oregon: Rural-Urban Interdependence. November 14, 2008. Salem Convention Center, Salem. Chapter Two 1We gratefully acknowledge the research assistance of Emily Picha and Becky Dann. 2When the metropolitan areas were defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget for the 1950 census, there were three metropolitan counties in Oregon: Multnomah, Clackamas, and Washington. These three plus Clark County, Washington State, constituted the Portland-Vancouver Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). Lane County was added as the Eugene SMSA in 1960 by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. In 1971, the Salem SMSA, composed of Marion and Polk counties, was defined. In 1973, the Eugene-Springfield SMSA was defined as Lane County. Jackson County was added as the Medford SMSA in 1981. Yamhill County was added to the Portland-Vancouver SMSA in 1983, and Columbia County was added in 1993. In 1999, the Corvallis SMSA was defined as Benton County. In 2003, Skamania County, Washington, was added to the PortlandVancouver SMSA and the Bend SMSA was defined as Deschutes County. See U.S. Census Bureau, Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas. 3 “Places” are defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as “a concentration of population either legally bounded as an incorporated place or delineated for statistical purposes as a censusdesignated place.” By this definition, a place includes cities, towns, villages, and other incorporated areas, as well as some unincorporated areas that are identifiable by name and recognized by the Census Bureau for the purpose of presenting census data. See Isserman (2005) for a concise and insightful discussion of the complexities involved in defining urban and rural. 4 Medically underserved areas (MUA) and medically underserved populations (MUP) are defined by the Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/shortage/muaguide.htm. Oregon’s MUA/MUP map is available at http://www.flu.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/hsp/hpshortage/ muap.pdf. Chapter Three 1In 1900, Portland led Seattle by 90,426 to 80,871. In 1910 Seattle led with 237,174 residents to Portland’s 207,214. 168 NOTES 2See the maps of paved roads for 1910, 1920, and 1930 in Loy et al. (2001). 3Support for the Klan among a broadly defined middle class is described in Jackson 1967, Chalmers 1987, and Moore 1991. 4In 2008 the Census Bureau defined a seven-county Portland metropolitan area that includes Clark and Skamania counties in Washington and Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas, Columbia, and Yamhill counties in Oregon. Measurement is also complicated by the fact that in the 1990s the census designated Portland and Salem as a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area, but has removed that designation in recent years. This chapter omits Washington State’s population, using the three core counties for 1940-1980 and the larger five-county area for the most recent decade. 5See maps of freight corridors in Loy et al. 2001. 6On the coast, the prison at Tillamook was expanded and a new facility was built at North Bend. East of the Cascades, the prison at Pendleton was expanded and new prisons were built at Ontario, Baker City, Umatilla, Lakeview, and Madras. The federal prison at Sheridan just sneaks into the metropolitan category. 7It failed in Wallowa County by twenty-three votes, in Morrow County by eighty-four votes, and in Baker County by 181 votes. Chapter Four 1 My most detailed effort to develop this argument is in Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Robbins 1994). 2For a further elaboration of this argument, see Stavrianos 1976, 168-69. 3Ann Markusen (1987, 4) points out that conflict arises when owners of transportation and finance live in one area and producers live in another. 4These ideas reflect the arguments of Berend and Ranki 1982 and McCormick 1990. 5I use the term “resettlement” to refer to the displacement of Native people from valuable agricultural and other lands to more marginal places in much of the West. 6For general studies that address these themes, see Harvey 1985, Trachtenberg 1982, and Agnew 1987. 7See also Jeff Moore’s account at http://www.trainweb.org/highdesertrails/oprr.html. 8For the origins of the conflict in the Umpqua Valley, see Robbins 1969, 90-92, and the Roseburg Plaindealer 1873. 9Because it operated “cash-only cooperatives,” Lawrence Goodwyn contends, the Grange “failed to address the real ills of farmers,” who lacked the cash to participate in such ventures (Goodwyn 1978, 32). 10 Two books that shaped...