Notes
103 Notes 1. For the most complete biography of Lyon, see Kit Lane, Lucius Lyon: An Eminently Useful Citizen (Douglas, Mich.: Pavilion Press, 1991). 2. Gregory S. Rose, “South Central Michigan Yankees,” Michigan History 70, no. 2 (1986): 34; Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, “Yankee Farming and Settlement in the Old Northwest: A Comparative Analysis,” in Essays in the Economy of the Old Northwest, ed. David C. Klingaman and Richard K. Vedder, 79–80 (Athens: University of Ohio Press, 1987). 3. John C. Hudson, “Yankeeland in the Middle West,” Journal of Geography 85 (1986): 196. 4. Susan E. Gray, The Yankee West: Community Life on the Michigan Frontier (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Frederick Jackson Turner, “Greater New England in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century,” American Antiquarian Society 29 (October 15, 1919): 222–41; D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, vol. 2, Continental America, 1800–1867 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993), 272; Lois Kimball Mathews, The Expansion of New England (1909; reprin., New York: Russell and Russell, 1962); Robert Kelly, The Cultural Pattern in American Politics (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 15; Hudson, “Yankeeland in the Middle West,” 196. 5. Meinig, The Shaping of America, 272. 104 B rian C. W ilson 6. Gray, The Yankee West, 4–9. 7. Leonard Dinnerstein and David M. Reimers, Ethnic Americans: A History of Immigration and Assimilation (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1975), xiii; see also Meinig, The Shaping of America, 264ff. 8. Joe McCarthy, ed., New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont (New York: Time Incorporated, 1967), 31. Another possible etymology of the word “Yankee” is that it is derived from Jan kaas, a Dutch epithet for New Englanders meaning “John Cheese” (Charles H. Anderson, White Protestant Americans: From National Origins to Religious Group [Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970], 91). 9. Quoted in Richard L. Power, Planting Corn Belt Culture: The Impress of the Upland Southerner and Yankee in the Old Northwest (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1953), 19, 45–46. 10. Dixon Ryan Fox, Yankees and Yorkers (New York: New York University Press, 1940), 205; Van Wyck Brooks, The World of Washington Irving (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1944), 168n. 11. Kelly, The Cultural Pattern in American Politics, 15. 12. Much of the information in the following section on Puritan New England is taken from “East Anglia to Massachusetts: The Exodus of the English Puritans, 1629–41” in David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 13–205. See also Claudia Durst Johnson, Daily Life in Colonial New England (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001). 13. Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 13–17, 31–36. 14. Ibid., 25–31. 15. Ibid., 18–24. 16. Ibid., 112. 17. Ibid., 54, 158–59. 18. See, for example, Lewis D. Stilwell, Migration from Vermont (Montpelier: Vermont Historical Society, 1937), 241–42. 19. For the details of Weber’s “Protestant Ethic” thesis, see Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958). 20. Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 132–33. 21. For an in-depth discussion of this transition, see Richard L. Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690–1765 YANKEES IN MICHIGAN 105 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967). 22. Ibid., 288. 23. See, for example, Stilwell, Migration from Vermont, 242. 24. William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607–1977 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 45–97. 25. Fox, Yankees and Yorkers, 3. 26. Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 17. 27. David M. Ellis, “The Yankee Invasion of New York, 1783–1850,” New York History 32, no. 1 (January 1951): 4–5. 28. Chard Powers Smith, Yankees and God (New York: Hermitage House, 1954), 300–301. 29. Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 171–73. 30. Ellis, “The Yankee Invasion of New York,” 5–9. 31. Meinig, The Shaping of America, 264–72. 32. Fox, Yankees and Yorkers, 197–98. 33. Whitney Cross, The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850 (New York: Harper Torchbooks , 1965), 3–13; McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform, 98–131. 34. J. Harold Stevens, “The Influence of New England in Michigan,” MPHC 19 (1935): 351. 35. George N. Fuller, “An Introduction to the Settlement of Southern Michigan from 1815 to 1835,” MPHC...
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