Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Cited by Victoria Barnett, For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 60. 2. Johannes R. Becher, “Gebranntes Kind,” Sinn und Form 42 (2000): 343. 3. Cited by Stefan Wolle, Die heile Welt der Diktatur: Alltag und Herrschaft in der DDR, 1971–1989, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Ch. Links, 1998), 14. 4. Cited by Günter Heydemann and Christopher Beckmann, “Zwei Diktaturen in Deutschland: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des historischen Diktaturvergleichs,” Deutschland Archiv 30 (1997): 2. 5. For an interesting attempt to clarify the term, see Stanley B. Cunningham , The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002). 6. Friedrich Schönemann, Die Kunst der Massenbeeinflussung in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1924), 9. 7. Myers Collection, University of Michigan Library, Kreisleitung Eisenach /56: Propaganda-Parole Nr. 7, 1942, 9. 8. Even Joseph Goebbels spoke of enemy propaganda in a June 1942 essay in which he argued that the only explanation for the fact that the Allied nations were still fighting was that “their powers of judgment have been blinded by unscrupulous and lying propaganda.” See Joseph Goebbels, Das eherne Herz: Reden und Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1941/42 (Munich: Franz Eher, 1943), 344. 9. Kleines politisches Wörterbuch, 7th ed. (Berlin: Dietz, 1988), 795. For the full definitions, see the German Propaganda Archive (GPA): http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/kpwb.htm. Future references to the GPA will take this form: GPA/title.htm. 10. Jacques Ellul, Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes, trans. Konrad Kellen and Jean Lerner (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968), 61. 11. Ibid., 121. 12. Hitler was unhappy with the Peace of Westphalia for a variety of reasons and proposed to abolish it, although that would hardly have had 171 any practical consequences. See Elke Fröhlich, ed., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels (Munich: K. G. Sauer, 1997–2001), 7:33. 13. For an extended analysis of evildoers with good consciences in the context of the GDR, see Lothar Fritze, Täter mit gutem Gewissen: Über menschliches Versagen im diktatorischen Sozialismus (Cologne: Böhlau, 1998). 14. Kenneth Burke, “The Rhetoric of Hitler’s ‘Battle,’” in The Philosophy of Literary Form (New York: Vintage, 1957), 188. 15. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 379–380. 16. Ibid., 267. 17. Joseph Goebbels, Signale der neuen Zeit: 25 ausgewählte Reden, 5th ed. (Munich: Franz Eher, 1938), 44–45. 18. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission “Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland” (12. Wahlperiode des Deutschen Bundestages ). vol. 3, book 2 (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1995), p. 1416. 19. Hans-Joachim Maaz, Behind the Wall: The Inner Life of Communist Germany , trans. Margot Bettauer Dembo (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 2–3. 20. Czeslaw Milosz, The Captive Mind, trans. Jane Zielonko (New York: Octagon Books, 1981), xiii. 21. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 3, bk. 3, p. 2077. 22. Erich Voegelin, Political Religions, trans. T. J. DeNapoli and E. S. Easterly III (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1986), 59. 23. For two quite different examples, see Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), and Aryeh Unger, The Totalitarian Party: Party and People in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974). 24. A British acquaintance tells of attending a conference on East Germany in the 1980s where leading scholar David Childs gave a critical account of conditions in the GDR, including the system’s inability to meet consumer expectations. He mentioned shortages of vegetables as an example. The audience of academics, predominately sympathetic with the GDR project, responded with vigor. One professor rose, shaking with anger, to say: “I did not come to this conference to hear anecdotes about vegetables!” But the GDR’s inability to provide consumers with what they wanted was, of course, a major reason for its collapse. 25. Michael Ruck, Bibliogaphie zum Nationalsozialismus, 2nd ed. (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2000). 172 Notes to pages 5–8 26. A bibliography published in 2000 listed 5,800 books published between 1990 and 2000. See Hendrick Berth and Elmar Brähler, Zehn Jahre Deutsche Einheit: Die Bibliographie (Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Forschung, 2000). The associated on-line database listed 46,000 items in December 2003, although many items in the bibliography and database concern what happened after 1989. See...