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Glossary Amide. (Standing prayer). Central prayer of the three daily synagogue services. It is also known as the Shmoyne esrey,which means“eighteen,”denoting the eighteen blessings of which the original consisted;or simply Tfile meaning“prayer.” Ashkenazim . (Adj. Ashkenazic)The Jews (and their descendants) who began to settle in the German-speaking lands in the basins of the Rhine and Danube rivers about a thousand years ago. The term was applied retrospectively. Av Harakhamim. Prayer usually said in Ashkenazic synagogue services on Sabbath mornings in memory of the martyrs of the Crusades. It was composed during the first Crusade and left on the reader’s desk in the synagogue at Worms by its unknown author. Bovo-bukh. Yiddish literary epic first printed in Isny in 1541. Composed by Elijah Levitah in ottava rima. The term bobe-mayse,which today is widely believed to mean“old wives tale”(lit.grandmother’s story) stemming from the Slavic word bobe (grandmother),in fact stems from the title of this tale of adventure and romance. Colophon . Words usually found at the end of the last printed page in a book. Early printed colophons included the date when printing began and/or ended,the number of copies printed,and the name of the ruler under whose protection the book was issued. The word“colophon”is derived from the Ionian city of Colophon. It was believed that the Colophonians could tip the scale of favor for whichever side of battle they fought,enabling the battle to end;hence the phrase of Erasmus,Colophonem adidi, “I have put the finishing touch to it,”and its use to describe the words at the end of a book. Firzogerin. Female prayer leader in a gathering of female worshippers. Galkhes. Term used by Jews to describe Christian books or books in Latin characters rather than Hebrew characters,i.e.,galkhes sforim (Christian books). Denotes “Christian priestly”and derives from the word galekh (a derogatory Jewish term for a Christian priest),which itself stems from the root of the Hebrew verb“to shave” and indicates the tonsure on the head of a monk or priest. Gemore. The talmudic commentary on the Mishnah. Hadlokes ha-ner. Kindling of candles on Sabbath and Festivals. One of the three women’s commandments. 247 Halakhe. (1)The word halakhah is usually translated as“Jewish Law,”although a more literal translation might be“the path that one walks.”It is the set of rules and practices that affect every aspect of Jewish life,including the 613 commandments. (2) A specific ruling within Jewish law. Hasidism. (Adj.Hasidic,n.Hasid,pl.Hasidim). Jewish mystical movement that originated in Podolia in the Ukraine,and has now spread across the world. It was founded by Israel Baal ShemTov (1699–1761) in the eighteenth century in response to catastrophic social,religious,political,and economic conditions of the time; known for its intensification of traditional orthodoxy and its preservation of the traditions of Eastern European Jewish culture. Haskole. The JewishAge of Enlightenment or Berlin Enlightenment,which began in western Europe. It was a movement that strove for the assimilation and acceptance of Jews into the wider community. This was the beginning of modern,secular Judaism. Kabbalah . (Hebrew for“tradition”). The mystical religious stream in Judaism that originally denoted the oral tradition transmitted alongside the Written Law,but was adopted in the twelfth century as text to denote the continuity of the mystical“tradition ”from early times. Kavone. Intention. Deep concentration. Spiritual intensity. Khale. (1) Bread baked in honor of the Sabbath and Festivals. (2) One of the three women’s commandments:the setting aside of a portion of the dough used for making Sabbath bread as a symbolic priestly offering,in the custom of the ancientTemple in Jerusalem. Levite . (1) A descendant of the tribe of Levi. (2) the nonpriestly branches of the descendants of Levi who were employed in theTemple in Jerusalem as laborors,musicians ,and choristers. Lid,pl.lider. Song(s). Loshn halb koydesh. (Semi-sacred tongue). Term that has been applied to the brand of Yiddish found in the Seyder Tkhines and other contemporary,related liturgical works. Loshn koydesh. (Sacred tongue). Yiddish term for the Hebrew language. Ma Toyvu. The Hebrew prayer that appears in both the Sider and many editions of the Seyder Tkhines,which is said on entering the synagogue. Mame loshn. (Mother tongue). Yiddish term for theYiddish language. Marranos . Spanish and Portuguese Jews who were baptized at the time of the Inquisition ,and their...

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