Old Age in a New Age: The Promise of Transformative Nursing Homes

Notes

  219 Notes Introduction 1. Benyamin Schwarz, Nursing Home Design: Consequences of Employing the Medical Model (New York: Garland, 1996), 37. Chapter 1 1. Rosalie A. Kane, “Long-Term Care and a Good Quality of Life: Bringing Them Closer Together,” The Gerontologist 41, no. 3 (2001): 295. 2. Bill Thomas pointed out this comparison to me. The number of nursing homes came from the Administration on Aging, www.aoa.gov/prof/notes/notes_ nursing_homes_pf.asp. On McDonald’s numbers, e-mail communication from McDonald’s USA, March 21, 2006. 3. For nursing home employee figures, see www.ahca.org. According to WalMart ’s website, www.walmartfacts.com, there were 1.3 million Wal-Mart employees in the United States as of February 2007. For the cost of nursing homes: Ellen O’Brien, “Medicaid’s Coverage of Nursing Home Costs: Asset Shelter for the Wealthy or Essential Safety Net?” Issue Brief, Georgetown University Long-Term Care Financing Project, May 2005. For elder population figures: U.S. Census Bureau, “65+ in the United States: 2005,” December 2005. For projected number of nursing home residents: National Center for Health Statistics, “The Changing Profile of Nursing Home Residents: 1985– 1997,” March 2001. 4. Vincent Mor, Jacqueline Zinn, Joseph Angelelli, Joan M. Teno, and Susan C. Miller, “Driven to Tiers: Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities in the Quality of Nursing Home Care,” Milbank Quarterly 82, no. 2 (2004): 227–56. On resident costs: Genworth Financial 2006 Cost of Care Survey, March 2006, at longtermcare.genworth.com/overview/what_is_ltc.jsp. For numbers of forprofit homes, see www.ahca.org. 5. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Nursing Homes: Despite Increased Oversight, Challenges Remain in Ensuring High-Quality Care and Resident Safety,” GAO-06-117, December 2005, 4. 6. Bruce C. Vladeck, Unloving Care: The Nursing Home Tragedy (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 4. 7. Bruce C. Vladeck, “Unloving Care Revisited: The Persistence of Culture,” in Culture Change in Long-Term Care, ed. Audrey S. Weiner and Judah L. Ronch (Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Press, 2003), 3. 8. Pew Research Center, “Baby Boomers: From the Age of Aquarius to the Age of Responsibility,” Dec. 8, 2005, pewresearch.org/social/pack.php?PackID=6. 9. Herbert Shore, “New Ideas in Institutional Care,” Professional Nursing Home, June 1966, 40. 10. Karen Stevenson, www.elderweb.com. Other sources on which I drew for the history of nursing homes include Schwarz, Nursing Home Design; Vladeck, Unloving Care; Colleen L. Johnson and Leslie A. Grant, The Nursing Home in American Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); Charles W. Lidz, Lynn Fischer, and Robert M. Arnold, The Erosion of Autonomy in Long-Term Care (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). 11. Vladeck, Unloving Care, 31. 12. See www.nccnhr.org for a history of the organization. 13. For the 1989 figure, Diana Johnson, “Restraint-Free Care: A Look Back,” Nursing Homes, September 1995; for the 2006 figure, www.medicare. gov/NHCompare. 14. Vladeck, “Unloving Care Revisited,” 6. 15. GE Center for Financial Learning, survey on myths and misperceptions about long-term care, released September 25, 2002. MetLife Mature Market Institute poll, July 14, 2004. For the 50–70 percent: MetLife Mature Market Institute , “The Media Reality Check: Content Analysis of Recent News Coverage of Long-Term Care Insurance,” October 2004, estimated at least 50 percent; the GE poll estimated 70 percent. 16. Kaiser HealthPoll Report, May–June 2005, www.kff.org/healthreport. 17. Joyce Horner, That Time of Year: A Chronicle of Life in a Nursing Home (University of Massachusetts Press, 1982), 185. 18. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, “State Ombudsman Data: Nursing Home Complaints,” July 2003, www.oig. hhs.gov. 19. Robert L. Rubinstein and Patricia A. Parmelee, “Attachment to Place and the Representation of the Life Course by the Elderly,” in Place Attachment, ed. Irwin Altman and Setha M. Low (New York: Plenum Press, 1992), 147. 20. “Dear Abby,” Washington Post, April 1, 2003, and responses April 11. 21. Floyd Skloot, In the Shadow of Memory (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003), 51. 22. From Beth Baker, “Old Age in Brave New Settings,” Washington Post, Health section, July 16, 2002. Chapter 2 1. Rubinstein and Parmelee, “Attachment to Place,” 155. 2. Loren Eiseley, “The Brown Wasps,” The Night Country (New York: Scribner’s, 1971), 229. 220 Notes to Pages 9–28 3. Erving Goffman, Asylums (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1961), 6. 4. Witold Rybczynski...