Each Day I Like It Better: Autism, ECT, and the Treatment of Our Most Impaired Children

Notes

191 Notes Chapter 1 1. Kitty Dukakis and Larry Tye, Shock: The Healing Power of Electroconvulsive Therapy (New York: Penguin Group, 2006). 2. J. W. Thompson and J. D. Blaine, “Use of ECT in the United States in 1975 and 1980,” American Journal of Psychiatry 144 (1987): 557–62. 3. N. Ghaziuddin, D. Laughrin, and B. Giordani, “Cognitive Side Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Adolescents,” Journal of Child and Adolescent Psycho­pharmacology 10 (2000): 269–76. 4. Sandra G. Boodman, “Shock Therapy . . . It’s Back,” Washington Post, September 24, 1996. 5. Treatments “work” when they cause a remission of psychiatric symptoms as assessed with various testing instruments. For example, in determining whether an antidepressant treatment (like Prozac or ECT) works, a researcher would compare scores on assessments like the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HSRD) pre- and post-treatment. But mood psychiatric disorders are chronic, episodic conditions, and there is no permanent medical cure. More generally, a treatment “works” when it improves a patient’s ability to function, which has always been the goal of psychiatric interventions. 6. Lauretta Bender, “One Hundred Cases of Childhood Schizophrenia Treated with Electric Shock,” Transactions of the American Neurological Association 72 (1947): 165–69. 7. E. R. Clardy and Elizabeth M. Rumpf, “The Effect of Electric Shock Treatment on Children Having Schizophrenic Manifestations,” Psychiatric Quarterly 4 (1954): 616–23. 8. J. M. Rey and G. Walter, “Half a Century of ECT Use in Young People,” American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997): 595–602. 9. See D. Cohen et al., “Absence of Cognitive Impairment at Long-Term­ Follow-Up in Adolescents Treated with ECT for Severe Mood Disorder,” American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000): 460–62; and O. Taieb et al., “Clinical Relevance of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Adolescents with Severe Mood Disorder: Evidence from a Follow-Up Study,” European Psychiatry 17 (2002): 206–12. 10. Ghaziuddin, Laughrin, and Giordani, “Cognitive Side Effects,” 273. 11. S. Kazumasa et al., “Improvement of Psychiatric Symptoms after Electroconvulsive Therapy in Young Adults with Intractable First-Episode Schizo- Each Day I Like It Better 192 phrenia and Schizophreniform Disorder,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 210 (2006): 213–20. 12. M. Fink, “Complaints of Loss of Personal Memories after Electroconvulsive Therapy: Evidence of a Somatoform Disorder?” Psychosomatics 48 (2007): 290–93. 13. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference­ Statement: Electroconvulsive Therapy. June 10–12, 1985, consensus.nih.gov/1985 /1985electroconvulsivetherapy051html.htm. 14. H. Sackeim et al., “The Cognitive Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Community Settings,” Neuropsychopharmacology 32 (2007): 244–54. 15. American Psychiatric Association, Committee on Electroconvulsive Therapy, Richard D. Weiner (chairperson) et al., The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Recommendations For Treatment, Training, and Privileging (2nd ed.) (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2001). 16. M. F. Newman et al., “Longitudinal Assessment of Neurocognitive Function after Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery,” New England Journal of Medicine 344 (2001): 395–402. Chapter 3 1. Quoted in Edward Shorter and David Healy, Shock Therapy: A History of Electroconvulsive Treatment in Mental Illness (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 2. 2. Frank’s letter is available at goo.gl/17isGv. 3. C. Kellner et al. “Continuation Electroconvulsive Therapy vs. Pharmaco­ therapy for Relapse Prevention in Major Depression,” Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (2006): 1337–44. 4. M. Trivedi et al., “Evaluation of Outcomes with Citalopram for Depression Using Measurement-Based Care in STAR*D: Implications for Clinical Practice ,” American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (2006): 28–40. 5. C. Kellner et al., “Relief of Expressed Suicidal Intent by ECT: A Consortium for Research in ECT Study,” American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (2005): 977–82. 6. M. Gliatto et al., “Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Suicidal Idea­tion,” American Family Physician Bulletin, March 15, 1999. 7. See S. Brandon et al., “Electroconvulsive Therapy: Results in Depressive Illness from the Leicestershire Trial,” British Medical Journal 288 (1984): 22–25; and S. Mukherjee and H. A. Sackeim, “Electroconvulsive Therapy of Acute Manic Episodes: A Review of 50 Years’ Experience,” American Journal of Psychiatry 151 (1994): 169–76. 8. See L. Wachtel et al., “Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Man with Autism Experiencing Severe Depression, Catatonia, and Self Injury,” Journal of ECT 26 (2010): 70–73; and J. N. Trollor and P. A. Sachdev, “Electroconvulsive Treat- Notes 193 ment of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Review and Report of Cases,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33 (1999): 650–59. 9. J. Rey and G. Walter, “Half a...