Modernizing Medicine in Zimbabwe: HIV/AIDS and Traditional Healers

Index

219 Index Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations. African Independent Church movement, 9 African injection, 134, 156, 157, 159–60 African N’anga and Herbalist Association, 107–8, 109 African N’anga Association, 105, 109 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) as biological warfare, 54, 60–62, 64, 67, 70–73, 161 diagnosis based on physical cues, 48–49 economic measures and, 44–46 homosexuality and, 68, 159, 165 indigenous names for, 162–63 n’anga’s biomedical knowledge of, 132, 134–35, 158–60, 167–68 n’anga’s explanatory models for, 4, 12, 103, 149–50, 152, 158, 160–68, 185, 187 as “short illness,” 1, 2 statistics, 3 theories on epidemiology and meaning, 35–36, 47 tuberculosis and, 33–34 See also HIV/AIDS education AIDS Counselling Trust (ACT), 54, 133, 145 anthrax, 61, 62–63 antiretroviral treatment (ARV), 13 aphrodisiacs, 141 Appadurai, Arjun, 5, 8 Ayensu, Edward S., 113 Barr, David, 120 Bible healers and, 109 translations of, 81–82 bilharzia, 30 biological warfare Rhodesia/Zimbabwe and, 54, 58, 62–65 South Africa and, 62–63, 64–65 theory of AIDS as, 54, 60–62, 64, 67, 70–73, 161 Birungi, Harriet, 202n5 Blair Research Laboratories, 127, 178–80 blood and bodily fluids, 154–56, 158 bone casters (diviners), 11, 78, 136–38, 150 Botswana, 3, 109, 117 Bristol-Meyers, 67 bubonic plague, 62–63 Burbridge, Alfred, 83, 84–85 burial, 2 Burombo, Benjamin, 177–78 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 65 Central African Chiremba’s Association, 109 Central African N’anga Association, 109 Cernea, Michael, 147 chancroid, 137, 157 Chandiwana, Stephen K., 40, 175 Chavunduka, Gordon on counseling, 141 on herbalists, 122–24 on incest, 166 on n’anga and the Bible, 109 on n’anga organizations, 108 on research, 121–22 on School of African Medicine, 172, 173 on spirit mediums, 202n7 on spirits, 137 on traditional healers, 116, 136 on witchcraft, 93–94, 200n5 220 Modernizing Medicine in Zimbabwe Chavunduka, Gordon, continued on ZEPL, 171–72 on ZINATHA, 110–11, 120–21, 125 ZINATHA and, 110, 111–12 Chihuri, Grace, 145–46 children access to health care and, 40 as embodiment of fertility, 68 fontanel and, 134, 174 HIV/AIDS and, 3, 164 malnutrition and, 39–40 mortality rates, 175 sexual education and, 144 sugar mummies and, 47 China, 66 Chingono, Alfred, 154, 162 chipande, 174 Chisi, Victor, 38 Chitungwiza (Harare), 2, 39 cholera, 19, 27, 62–63 Christianity HIV/AIDS as punishment and, 165–66 traditional medicine and, 82–83, 109 translation and, 81–82 See also missions and missionaries CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 70 CIMAS (Cimas Medical Aid Society), 199n14 Civic, Diane, 143 Clifford, James, 26 clinical trials African populations and, 65–67 Blair Research and, 127, 178–80 n’anga and, 122–24, 182 ZINATHA and, 145–46 Clinton administration, 66 colonialism as cause of AIDS, 164–65 health and, 28–33 traditional medicine and, 88–101, 190 Columbia Labs, 66 Comaroff, Jean, 84, 193 Comaroff, John, 84, 193 commercial sex workers (CSWs), 143, 162–63, 166 community-based HIV/AIDS education programs , 138–45 community participation, 144–45 condoms, 17–18, 41, 141, 143, 156, 160, 163 Congo, 81 Consumer Council of Zimbabwe (CCZ), 38 counseling, 141–44 Crawford, J. R., 175 development, 4, 7 diarrheal diseases, 40, 175 diviners (bone casters), 11, 78, 136–38, 150 doctors missions and, 31 patients and, 12–13, 14–15 shortage of, 12, 40, 42, 175 strikes and, 43–44 See also hospitals domestic violence, 142 Douglas, Mary, 154–55 drop, 156, 157. See also gonorrhea; syphilis Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), 31, 87 Ebola-type virus, 62 Economic Structural Adjustment Programs (ESAPs), 35, 38, 45 education, 83–85. See also HIV/AIDS education epistemic violence, 7–9, 20, 83, 137, 186–87. See also structural violence Evans-Pritchard, E., 151 Fabrega, Horacio, 151 faith healers, 11, 136–38, 150 family-planning services, 141–44 Farmer, Paul, 15, 62 Feierman, Steven, 152, 197n3 Ferguson, James, 7, 101 fontanel, 134, 174 food and diet colonialism and, 29–30 health and, 39–40, 55 inflation and, 38–39 Foster, George, 151 Foucault, Michel, 100–101 Francis, Lynde, 142–43, 146, 179–80 freedom fighters, 104, 114, 161 Gay Men’s Health Crisis, 119–20 Geer, Ben, 54–55, 60–61 Gelfand, Michael on colonial medicine, 79, 80, 88 on n’anga, 202n1 n’anga organizations and, 105–7, 109, 192 on runyoka, 202n6 Gilbert, Celine, 202n1 Gilbert, David, 67 Godly Medicine in Zimbabwe (Gelfand), 88...