Obesity among Poor Americans: Is Public Assistance the Problem?

Index

189 absenteeism, 52 abuse. See family violence academic achievement, 51–52, 54–56 active transport, 62 adiposity. See fat: tissue advertising. See marketing African Americans. See blacks agricultural policy, 113, 136 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 18–20, 26, 44–45, 141n7 air quality. See pollution allostasis, 100–101 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 67 American Obesity Association (AOA), 3 American Psychological Association’s Task Force on Advertising to Children, 66–68 American Public Health Association, 68 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 68 anthropology and anthropologists, 1–2, 41, 72, 81 antidepressants, 97–98, 113 anxiety disorder, 119–20 Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT), 125 arthritis, 3–4 asthma, 4, 110–11 atherosclerosis, 4 automobiles injuries by obesity status, 4 and physical inactivity, 62 Banks, Tyra, 50 bariatric surgery, 139n4 Barker, David, 28 beauty standards, 2 Besharov, Douglas, 1, 16–17, 134 Index beverages, sugary, 34, 83–84, 136 bicycling, 62–63 Biggest Loser, 129 binge eating, 5, 24, 41, 86, 97 biochemistry, 41, 99 biology, 119 bipolar disorder, 119–20 birth weight, 27–28 blacks access to grocery stores, 81, 84 benefits of anti-discrimination laws, 69 family violence, 121 in Food Stamp Program caseload, 33 impact of obesity on marriage, 61 obesity and labor market outcomes, 58–59 obesity-education gradient, 75–76 obesity prevalence, 14–16, 18 in WIC caseload, 26–27 Body Mass Index (BMI), 140n1 breast-feeding, 28, 37–38 definition, 140n1 definitions of overweight and obesity, 9, 140n1 and food stamps, 27–28 limitations of, 9, 132 social gradient, 140n4 WIC participants, 27–28 built environment, 63. See also facilities for physical activity; safety; supermarkets; urban planning bullying and teasing. See stigmatization calorie intake, 17, 33, 36, 47 cancers, 3, 142n3 cardiovascular disease, 4, 9, 142n3 cars. See automobiles case law, 68–69 190 Obesity among Poor Americans cash-out experiments, 32–33 causality, 36, 50, 58, 61, 132 cavities, dental, 3 Chang, Virginia, 14–16 child care, 39, 136 childhood abuse, 115, 120, 122–24, 128, 131, 134, 138 depression, 92–94 exposure to stressors, 91 hardships of poverty during, 74 trends in obesity prevalence, 10–11 children car seats for, 4 cognitive development of, 66–67, 74, 137 educational attainment of, 51–52, 54–56 marketing food to, 66–67, 136–37 physical activity of, 37, 63–64, 104– 9, 111–12, 131, 136 and television, 39–40, 66, 111 Children’s Advertising Rulemaking (KidVid), 67 class issues, 2. See also socioeconomic status clothing, 56–57, 141n8 cognitive development, 66–67, 74, 137 college, 55–56, 60 communications research, 50, 129 convenience foods, 23–24, 37 cooking facilities, 79 cortisol, 91, 92, 100 Crandall, Christian, 54–55 crime. See safety criminology, 72 cultural perceptions of obesity, 2 Currie, Janet, 24, 31 Cutler, David, 37 Danziger, Sheldon, 17, 38, 44, 59, 92, 97 data sets Aberdeen Children of the 1950s, 124–25 ACNielsen Homescan, 42 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), 122 Alameda County Study, 94, 104 Americans’ Use of Time Survey Archives, 38 Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD), 46, 90, 95 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), 84, 85 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 10, 40, 103, 140n2 California Women’s Health Survey, 122 Census of Retail Trade, 80 Children in the Community Study, 98 Consumer Expenditure Survey, 38, 42 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 29, 79, 86, 88, 102 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), 76 Current Population Survey (CPS), 37, 86 Detroit Area Study, 96 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey, 76 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort, 29, 80, 88, 89 Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 45, 109 Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, 141n4 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 53, 90, 95 Illinois Families Study, 121 Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Québec, 89 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), 34 Midlife Development in the United States Survey, 56 Monitoring the Future (MTF), 39, 83, 85 Moving to Opportunity (MTO), 93, 94, 111–12 National Child Development Survey, 124 National Comorbidity Survey Replication, 119 National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS), 79–80 National Food Stamp Program Survey, 81–82 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 10, 75, 88, 90, 92, 99, 110, 140n2 Index 191 National Health Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study, 99 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 35, 53 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 99, 109 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 10, 53, 76, 94, 99...