A Prehistory of Western North America: The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages

Foreword

viii illustrations FigUres 1. Interstate 5, Central Valley, California 2 2. U.S. Route 50, the “Loneliest Road in America” 25 3. Rocky Mountain landscape 64 4. Arizona-Sonora Desert 160 5. Olivella Grooved Rectangular Beads 211 6. Z-slanted twined Basketmaker II bag from Utah 213 7. Petroglyph figure with burden basket 269 8. Akimel O’odham women with burden baskets 273 9. Hopi kachina doll of Soyok Wuuti 287 Maps 1. Historical distribution of Uto-Aztecan languages 3 2a. Subfamilies of Uto-Aztecan 27 2b. “Taracahitic” 29 3. Fowler’s Proto-Uto-Aztecan homeland 37 4. The Numic subfamily 63 5. The prehistoric American Southwest 100 6. The Tepiman corridor 173 7. Old California Uto-Aztecan 188 8. Uto-Aztecan and Olivella Grooved Rectangular Beads 212 Tables 1.1 A Hokan sampler 8 1.2 Some putative Azteco-Tanoan data 20 2.1 Uto-Aztecan words for ‘oak’ 39 2.2 Some Pan-Americanisms 47 4.1 Maiduan:Numic (UA) contact 85 ILLUSTRATIONS ix 4.2 Molala:UA and Sahaptian:UA contact 91 4.3 Washo:Numic (UA) contact 93 4.4 California:Numic grammatical artifacts 96 5.1 Tanoan glottochronological dates 104 5.2 Quail species in the American Southwest 109 5.3 “Archaic” Hopi and Keresan 111 5.4 “Archaic” Zuni and Keresan 111 5.5 Zuni “particles” 117 5.6 Cognate densities with Hopi and Northern UA 119 5.7 Hopi and Southern UA cognate densities 119 5.8 Lexical artifacts from Keresan into Hopi 121 5.9 Lexical artifacts from Hopi into Keresan 122 5.10 Keresan words of wider Uto-Aztecan distribution 123 5.11 Zuni and Uto-Aztecan lexical artifacts 124 5.12 Zuni:Hopi lexical artifacts 124 5.13 Zuni and Piman lexical artifacts 125 5.14 Keresan to Zuni lexical artifacts 127 5.15 Plural subject and object marking on Zuni verbs 131 5.16 Grammatical artifacts defining Puebloan interactions 137 5.17 Pitch accent in Keresan 139 5.18 Jemez and Keresan sound systems compared 144 5.19 Jemez as a pitch accent language 144 5.20 Grammatical artifacts defining the Puebloan linguistics area(s) 157 6.1 Opata case marking 176 6.2 Opatan verb markers 177 6.3 Tepiman and Opatan sound changes 178 7.1 Esselen and UA suffixes 189 7.2 Esselen:UA lexical artifacts 189 7.3 Salinan:UA lexical artifacts 190 7.4 Esselen, UA, and Salinan suffixes 191 7.5 Mutsun:UA lexical artifacts 192 7.6 Mutsun:UA grammatical artifacts 193 7.7a Mutsun and UA hin- 194 7.7b Mutsun and UA ha- 194 ILLUSTRATIONS x 7.8 Miwokan wh- words 194 7.9 Ausaima and Mutsun wh- words 195 7.10 Chumashan:UA lexical artifacts 197 7.11 Chumashan comparative data 198 7.12 Wintuan:UA lexical artifacts 199 7.13 Yukian:UA lexical artifacts 201 7.14 A central California linguistic area 204 7.15 Nicoleño lexical data 210 8.1 Hill’s putative PUA corn agriculture words 221 8.2 Hopi corn agriculture words 224 8.3 Numic words for cultigens 227 8.4 Hopi and other Uto-Aztecan corn-complex words 230 8.5 Plausible Uto-Aztecan corn-complex roots 235 8.6 Two Hopi and Numic sets 238 8.7 Uto-Aztecan roots for ‘to plant’ 241 8.8 Uto-Aztecan roots for ‘squash’ and ‘beans’ 242 8.9 The corn-complex sequence in the American Southwest 243 8.10 Cultigen terms in Puebloan languages 246 8.11 Hopi and Keresan corn terms 247 8.12 Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan comparisons 248 8.13 Tanoan agricultural terms 250 8.14 Merrill’s Proto–Southern Uto-Aztecan corn terms 252 9.1 Uto-Aztecan referents for various artifacts 257 9.2 Uto-Aztecan color terms 261 9.3 Uto-Aztecan ‘die’ verbs 263 10.1 Comparative Tepiman creations 280 10.2 Ho’okĭ Oks stories 281 12.1 Prehistoric sociolinguistics and sociolinguistics 313 12.2 Esselen:Uto-Aztecan data 321 12.3 Salinan:Uto-Aztecan data 321 12.4 Chumashan:Uto-Aztecan data 322 12.5 Mutsun:Uto-Aztecan data 323 12.6 Wintuan:Uto-Aztecan data 325 12.7 California:Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan:Uto-Aztecan comparison 325 ...