The Cultural Dynamics of Shell-Matrix Sites

Illustrations

vii figures 1.1 Map of the Santa Barbara Channel, the Northern Channel Islands, and major sites 3 1.2 Map of the historic Chumash villages on the island and mainland 5 1.3 Overview photograph of the 30-meter-high dune at Otter Point 7 2.1 Location of the Key Marco site 14 2.2 Comparison of Key Marco site in 1895 with today 15 2.3 Location of excavations, mounds, and features at the Key Marco site 16 2.4 Postmolds and mound stratigraphy at Operation 1 17 2.5 Postmolds and features at Operation 2 18 2.6 Photograph of postmolds in shell strata at Operation 2; postmolds and features at Operation 3 18 2.7 Histograms of mound heights at the Key Marco site 19 2.8 Location of distinct precincts at the Key Marco site 19 3.1 Archaic shell rings and Woodland ring middens in the southeast United States 23 3.2 Archaic shell-ring footprints 25 3.3 Archaic shell ring resulting from gradual garbage accumulation 25 3.4 Archaic shell ring as a circular village 26 3.5 Late Archaic depositional sequence and Santa Rosa/Swift Creek depositional sequence 26 3.6 Coastal Woodland ring-midden footprints and mound orientations 27 3.7 Shell thickness at the Archaic Fig Island 2 shell ring and the Swift Creek Harrison ring midden 37 3.8 Combined diametric and concentric model of ring communities 37 4.1 Archaic shell-ring sites along the lower Atlantic and Gulf coasts 42 4.2 The Fig Island Ring Complex 43 4.3 Fig Island Ring 1 profile showing characteristics of deposits 43 4.4 Footprints of selected shell rings along the lower Atlantic coast 45 4.5 Surfer 3D surface map of Rollins and Guana shell rings 45 5.1 Regions investigated in detail containing Anadara granosa shell mounds 58 5.2 Location of the Point Blane Peninsula study area and distribution of shell deposits 60 5.3 Holocene paleoenvironmental patterns for Australasia and the Indo-Pacific 61 5.4 Myaoola Bay and Grindall Bay 1σ and 2σ calibrated age ranges 63 5.5 Chronological variation in the exploitation of mollusk species by habitat 65 5.6 Growth rates of Anadara granosa in Malaysian commercial culture beds 67 5.7 Mean Anadara granosa valve length and 95 percent confidence interval by site and excavation unit 68 ILLUSTRATIONS viii Illustrations 5.8 Mean Anadara granosa valve length and 95 percent confidence interval by approximate calibrated radiocarbon age 71 6.1 Map of southwestern Portugal 76 6.2 Coast of São Vicente with Barranco das Quebradas and Rocha das Gaivotas 79 6.3 Main species relative abundance at Barranco das Quebradas and Rocha das Gaivotas 80 6.4 Rocha das Gaivotas: map with excavation areas 83 7.1 Map of Brazil with approximate distribution of sambaquis 92 7.2 Representations of skeletons recovered in several sambaquis 96 7.3 View of a profile with burial mound, close-up of a funerary area, and 3D representation of burial in Jabuticabeira II 98 8.1 Map with indication of shell-site concentrations and study area 106 8.2 Massive layer of red pigment on humerus 108 8.3 Locus 2 108 8.4 General aspect of Burial 26B 109 8.5 Possible defleshment marks left on the pelvis of a young individual 109 8.6 Star-shaped carved mark found on a few long bones 110 9.1 Map of the Muge valley in the Mesolithic 114 9.2 Dentitions of individuals from Cabeço da Amoreira 115 9.3 Reconstruction and detail of Amoreira 6 in the MSG laboratory 119 9.4 Reconstruction of the position of Amoreira 6 120 9.5 Overall view of Amoreira 7 121 9.6 Reconstruction of the position of Amoreira 7, 8, and 12 122 9.7 Reconstruction of the position of Amoreira 13 125 10.1 Photograph 1, two burials 132 10.2 Photograph 2, close-up of two skeletons 134 10.3 Aerial photograph showing the angle of sight for Figure 10.1 135 10.4 Photograph 3, Moita Skeleton 31 136 10.5 Photograph 4, Moita Skeleton 33 136 10.6 Breccia within the cranial vault of Skull 17 and grave fill with Moita 5 138 10.7 Reworking by P. Alvim of the available evidence on Moita features exposed by the 1950s excavations 141 10.8 Moita 3 141 10.9 Surviving elements...