Edmund G. Ross: Soldier, Senator, Abolitionist

Notes

283 Notes Chapter One 1. Legler, “Rescue of Joshua Glover”; see also Wisconsin Local History Network, “Ripon’s Booth War.” 2. Legler, “Rescue of Joshua Glover.” 3. Leis, “Memoirs,” 7–8. Lillian Ross Leis’s “memoirs” of her father were never published. They were written in three parts, a total of about eighty typewritten pages. The first two parts were provided to me by family members. Part 3 was found at the New Mexico State Archives, with Governor Ross’s papers. Edward Bumgardner in his book The Life of Edmund G. Ross made use of the first two parts. 4. Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. 506 (1858). See supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/ us/62/506.case.html. 5. Legler, “Rescue of Joshua Glover.” 6. Leis, “Memoirs,” 8. 7. Ibid., 2. 8. Harrington, Edmund G. Ross, 20. 9. Leis, “Memoirs,” 4; Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 16. 10. Ross’s great-grandson Edmund “Ned” Ross, a Lutheran minister and later an Episcopalian minister in Albuquerque, said in an interview that he believed Ross was a Unitarian in his adult years, although he could not be certain. 11. Sandusky Library, “The Underground Railroad in Sandusky.” 284 < notes to pages 3–14 12. Leis, “Memoirs,” 3–4. 13. Ibid. The text of Ross’s capital punishment speech can be found in Arthur Elliot Harrington’s biography, Edmund G. Ross, appendix B. The term “working at the case” is a reference to the printing shop’s job case, a drawer divided into many small compartments for the various moveable metal letters and ligatures used in typesetting in the nineteenth century. The case compartments were arranged by frequency of use and included both capital letters, found in the upper part of the case, and “lower case” type, giving rise to terms still in use today. 14. Fannie Lathrop to George Lathrop, December 10, 1846, Edmund G. Ross Collection, 1856–1907, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka (hereafter Ross Collection, Topeka). 15. Harrington, Edmund G. Ross, 99–100. 16. Ibid. 17. Leis, “Memoirs,” 5–6. 18. Roberts, Cholera of 1849. Chapter Two 1. Leis, “Memoirs,” 8. 2. Ibid., 9. 3. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, see A Century of Lawmaking, Statutes, 31st Cong., 1st sess., 462–65. 4. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage, 61–62. 5. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 70–77. 6. Etcheson, “Great Principle of Self-Government,” 54. 7. Ibid., 55. 8. Leis, “Memoirs,” 9. 9. Johnson, “Emigrant Aid Company,” 121. 10. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 21. 11. Leis, “Memoirs,” 9. 12. Robinson, Kansas, 89. Although Robinson does not refer to William Ross by name, she does refer to him as Mr. R., and the other members of his party make it clear the “R” is William Ross. See also Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 1–3. 13. Ibid., 89. 14. Etcheson, “Great Principle of Self-Government,” 59–60. 15. William W. Ross to Edmund Ross, January 10, 1856, in possession of Ross descendants, reproduced in Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 4–5. 16. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 24. 17. The article goes on to name the twenty-four adults in the party but not the twentysix children. John Rastall, at the time sixteen years old, probably was one of the unnamed eight children listed as traveling with Ross. 18. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 8–9. notes to pages 15–23 = 285 19. Ross, “Reminiscence of the Kansas Conflict.” 20. Leis, “Memoirs,” 10. Chapter Three 1. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 12. 2. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Jackson County,” part 5. 3. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 39. 4. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 8. 5. Ibid., 7. 6. Ross’s portfolio today is in possession of his descendants in Albuquerque. 7. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 11. 8. Ibid., 10. 9. The 1854 poem by Whittier, a Quaker and fervent abolitionist, is partially reproduced in Cordley, History of Lawrence, chap. 1. 10. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Jackson County,” part 5. 11. See note 15 to chapter 2. 12. Langsdorf, “S. C. Pomeroy,” 227–29. 13. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Territorial History,” part 36. 14. Collins, Jim Lane, 72; see also Speer, Life of Gen. James H. Lane. Both sources provide good information on Lane. 15. Lewis, “The Man the Historians Forgot,” 85–86. 16. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 93. 17. Ibid., 97. 18. S. N. Wood was the man who had co-owned the Kansas Tribune with John Speer when William Ross arrived in Kansas in September 1855. Wood apparently sold his interest to Ross in December of that same year. 19. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 100–102. 20. Free-State governor Charles Robinson, getting early word that he would be arrested, left Kansas with his wife Sara to seek support in Washington from Republicans. Because two of the three congressional investigators were Republicans, Robinson was given a summary of the testimony taken by the committee. At Lexington, Missouri, Robinson was arrested, but Sara Robinson continued to Washington, carrying the findings of the congressional committee concealed in her clothing. Robinson would remain in prison until early September. 21. Robinson, Kansas, chap. 15. 22. Ibid., chap. 16. 23. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 104–5. 24. See note 13. 25. Sumner, “The Crime Against Kansas,” 144. 286 < notes to pages 23–31 26. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 109–10. 27. Robinson, Kansas, chap. 23. 28. Ibid., chap. 22. 29. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 116. 30. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 13. 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid. 33. Edmund G. Ross discharge document provided by Ross’s descendants. 34. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Territorial History,” part 43. 35. Ibid., “Territorial History,” part 39. 36. Watts, “How Bloody Was Bleeding Kansas?” 12. 37. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 33–34. 38. Ross, Reminiscence of the Kansas Conflict. 39. Root, “First Day’s Battle at Hickory Point,” 32. 40. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 37–38. 41. Root, “First Day’s Battle at Hickory Point,” 49. 42. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 15. 43. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 37. 44. Watts, “How Bloody Was Bleeding Kansas?” 124. Chapter Four 1. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 131–33. 2. Free-State Army discharge paper in possession of Ross descendants. 3. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 14. 4. Kansas Tribune, August 1, 1857. 5. Kansas Tribune, February 2, 1857. 6. The Kansas Tribune was first published in Lawrence in October 1854 under the name Kansas Pioneer. The name was changed to Tribune in January 1855. The Herald of Freedom, a paper sponsored by the New England Emigrant Aid Company, also began publication in Lawrence in October 1854 and continued to be published until 1859, with the exception of a brief period after the Sack of Lawrence in 1856. Several other Free-State papers emerged in this era, but nearly all closed after a short time. The Tribune and the Herald of Freedom remained active longer than other Free-State papers during the territorial period. Shortly after the Ross brothers suspended publication of the Tribune in 1858, John Speer, the original founder, resumed its publication in Lawrence. Edmund Ross would again edit the Tribune from late 1865 to late July 1866 in partnership with Speer. 7. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 16. 8. Kansas Tribune, November 7, 1857. notes to pages 32–41 = 287 9. In Ewing’s reference to “the Tribune” it is unclear whether he is referring to the Kansas Tribune or some other publication, possibly the New York Tribune. 10. Thomas Ewing Sr. to Thomas Ewing Jr., July 23, 1857, unbound correspondence, 1856–1908, Ewing Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka (hereafter Ewing Collection). 11. Kansas Tribune, September 19, 1857. 12. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 153–55. 13. Kansas Tribune, November 7, 1857. 14. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 156. 15. Kansas Tribune, November 21, 1857. 16. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 156. 17. Kansas Tribune, November 28, 1857. 18. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 157. 19. Ponce, “Pledges and Principles,” 78. 20. Kansas Tribune, December 26, 1857. 21. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 163–64; see also Smith, Thomas Ewing, Jr., 53–65. 22. Smith, Thomas Ewing, Jr., 56–57. 23. Kansas Tribune, January 2, 1858. 24. Ponce, “Pledges and Principles,” 78. 25. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 165; Smith, Thomas Ewing, Jr., 59–60. 26. Ponce, “Pledges and Principles,” 76. Ponce’s essay is recommended for its thorough discussion of the relationship between Walker and Buchanan and the influence of Free-Staters on Walker and Stanton. 27. Kansas Tribune, March 27, 1858. 28. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 177. 29. Ibid., 174. 30. Kansas Tribune, May 8, 1858. 31. Ibid. 32. The Kansas News, later known as the Emporia News, also a Free-State paper, remained in operation from June 1857 until October 1862. Preston Plumb, who would serve with Ross during the Civil War and who would later be a United States senator from Kansas, founded and edited that paper. 33. Kansas Tribune, April 25, 1857. 34. Kansas Tribune, April 18, 1858. 35. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 16, 17. 36. Ibid., 15. 37. Ibid., 16. 38. Socolofsky, “Kansas in 1876,” 3. Although Socolofsky’s article describes farm life in 1876, life for the Rosses was surely not different in 1858. The Ross home was indeed small and temporary, with Ross intending to build a much larger home. 288 < notes to pages 41–50 39. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 17. 40. Ibid., 19. 41. See the Kansas State Historical Society web page kshs.org/wyandotteconstitutional -convention-bibliography/17148 for a comprehensive list of articles and documents relating to the subject. 42. The reader should note that much of the history of Kansas in this era is not covered in this chapter. As this work is a biography, I have tried to focus on the aspects of the Bleeding Kansas period that directly involved Edmund Ross. Consequently, many significant events are not discussed here. I encourage readers to pursue territorial Kansas histories. In particular I recommend Bleeding Kansas by Nicole Etcheson, whose work is often cited in this book. It would be a mistake, for example, to think that violence ended in 1856. Indeed, it continued, albeit in a much less pervasive form. The violence mostly came from extremists on both sides of the slavery issue, but the Ross brothers did not take part in these incidents. Jim Lane killed his neighbor in May of 1858 over a simple land dispute but was acquitted on a self-defense plea, and John Brown went on to make history at Harper’s Ferry, taking along with him John Henry Kagi, who worked for the Ross brothers at the Tribune in 1857. Chapter Five 1. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 20. 2. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 205. 3. Ibid., 206. 4. Kansas State Record, November 5, 1859. 5. Kansas State Record, December 24, 1859. 6. Ibid. 7. Malin, “Dust Storms,” 133. 8. Kansas State Record, November 17, 1860. 9. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 7–8. Apparently Crawford did not consider Ross to be a part of any fraud. The high esteem in which he held Ross led him to appoint Ross to the United States Senate in 1866. 10. Kansas State Record, December 1, 1860. 11. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Era of Peace,” part 2. 12. Snell and Wilson, “Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe,” 114. 13. Ibid.; see also Ross, Albuquerque Daily Democrat, December 22, 1882. 14. Kansas State Record, September 22, 1860. 15. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Era of Peace,” part 2. 16. Kansas State Record, October 20, 1860. 17. Ibid. 18. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Era of Peace,” part 2. notes to pages 50–59 = 289 19. Kansas State Record, October 13, 1860. 20. Kansas State Record, June 1, 1861. 21. Ibid. 22. Kansas State Record, February 16, 1861. 23. Kansas State Record, March 2, 1861. 24. Kansas State Record, October 12, 1861. 25. There is actually some uncertainty about Eddie’s given name. Edmundie appears to be correct, but at least one descendant believes the given name was Edwina. 26. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 21. 27. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry.” Chapter Six 1. Hamilton, “A Colonel of Kansas,” 282–83; see also Scott, “Fighting Printers,” 4. 2. Hamilton, “A Colonel of Kansas,” 283, 285. 3. Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 107. It is worth noting that both Ross and Plumb would, at different times, share the honor of being United States senators from Kansas. Plumb was a senator from 1877 to 1891. 4. Hamilton, “A Colonel of Kansas,” 283, 285. 5. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry,” 2; see also Scott, “Fighting Printers.” 6. Scott, “Fighting Printers,” 3; see also Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Military Record,” part 12. 7. Ross to Fannie, October 4, 1862, Ross Collection, Topeka. 8. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry,” 3; see also Ross to Fannie, October 25, 1862, Ross Collection, Topeka. 9. William also served in the militia but apparently did not participate in any battles. 10. Ross to Fannie, October 25, 1862, Ross Collection, Topeka. 11. Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 109–10. 12. Ross to Fannie, November 30, 1862, Ross Collection, Topeka. 13. Ibid. 14. Ross to Fannie, December 1, 1862, Ross Collection, Topeka. 15. Scott, “Fighting Printers,” 13. 16. Ibid., 22. The Scott paper cited here is the most thorough and balanced discussion of the Buck and Ball. The Connelley biography of Major Plumb also contains a short chapter on the Buck and Ball, possibly giving Plumb more credit than he actually earned. John Howard Kitts’s diary of the Civil War is the only firsthand account of the Buck and Ball other than Ross’s two-sentence description to his wife. 17. Scott, “Fighting Printers,” 20. 290 < notes to pages 60–68 18. Shea, Fields of Blood, 124–25. 19. Ross to Fannie, December 12, 1862, Ross Collection, Topeka. 20. Shea, Fields of Blood, 230. 21. Scott, “Fighting Printers,” 21. 22. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 84. 23. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry,” 6. 24. Ross to Fannie, December 12, 1862, Ross Collection, Topeka. 25. Ibid. 26. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry,” 6–7. For a detailed description see Shea, Fields of Blood, 274–81. 27. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry,” 7. 28. Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 142–43. 29. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 23–24. 30. Ibid., 24–25. 31. Kansas Tribune, August 13, 1863. As noted in the text, Ross’s men are described as passing through the town rather than leaving town. This seems consistent with Leis’s story, since the men would have had to pass through the town from their “west of the town” bivouac. 32. Smith, Thomas Ewing, Jr., 192. 33. Foote, The Civil War, 2:704–5. 34. Ibid. 35. Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 152. 36. Foote, The Civil War, 704. The murdered recruits mentioned by Foote may have been men whom Ross had signed up for duty with a new cavalry regiment and who had not yet been officially assigned to a unit. Foote mentions the 14th Cavalry, but this regiment was not activated until later in 1863. 37. Ibid. 38. Kansas State Journal, October 8, 1863. 39. Ross to Fannie, September 17, 1863, Ross Collection, Topeka. 40. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 26. 41. Ibid., 27–28. 42. Ibid., 27–29. 43. Kansas Tribune, February 27, 1864. 44. Kansas Tribune, January 14, 1864. 45. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry,” 8–9. 46. Ewing was forced to retreat with his 1,400-man army from Fort Davidson toward St. Louis. The details of General Price’s march through Missouri and a part of Kansas are complex and beyond the scope of this biography. In the bibliography please see books by Samuel Crawford, William Connelley, Ronald Smith, and Albert Castel for more detailed accounts. Also see the history of the Eleventh notes to pages 68–78 = 291 Kansas Regiment, available online through the Kansas State Historical Society, plus soldiers’ personal recollections contained in Tales of Kansas in the Civil War, drawn from the Society’s publications. 47. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 146. 48. Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 181–82. 49. Ibid., 185. 50. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 146. 51. Hamilton, “A Colonel of Kansas,” 285–86. 52. Ibid.; Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 186. 53. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 146–47. 54. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry,” 19. 55. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 236. 56. Smith, Thomas Ewing, Jr., 246. 57. “Eleventh Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry,” 21. 58. Connelley, Life of Preston B. Plumb, 192. 59. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 31. 60. Ibid., 32. 61. Ibid. 62. Hamilton, “A Colonel of Kansas,” 287–88. 63. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 32. Chapter Seven 1. Ross to Fannie, May 10, 1865, Ross Collection, Topeka. 2. Kansas Tribune, September 15, 1855. 3. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 32. 4. Kansas Daily Tribune, November 11, 1865; see also Kansas Weekly Tribune of March 15, 1866, where Speer describes the business arrangement with Ross, citing Ross as the regular editor of the paper. 5. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 32–33. 6. “The Negro Question,” Kansas Weekly Tribune, August 10, 1865. 7. Kansas Tribune, January 4, 1866. 8. Ibid. 9. Editorial, Kansas State Record, March 16, 1861. 10. Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas, 75; see also Collins, Jim Lane, 44–47, 59–64, for Lane’s views. Chapter Eight 1. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 15; see also Randall and Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction, 561–62. 292 < notes to pages 79–89 2. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 18–19. 3. An excellent discussion of these matters can be found in McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, chapters 5 and 6. 4. Foner, Reconstruction, 184. 5. Randall and Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction, 560–63. 6. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 70. 7. Randall and Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction, 559. 8. Ibid., 576–78. 9. Kansas Tribune, February 22, 1866. 10. Civil Rights Act of 1866: see A Century of Lawmaking, Statutes, 39th Cong., 1st sess., April 9, 1866. 11. Kansas Tribune, April 12, 1866. 12. Kansas Tribune, April 14, 1866. 13. Kansas Tribune, April 19, 1866. 14. The only instance of Edmund Ross running for public office other than for governor in 1880 was in February 1866 when he was persuaded to run for mayor of Lawrence by the Friends of Temperance. One week later on March 6 he lost the election by about 100 votes out of nearly 900 cast. It is also interesting to note that the February 27, 1866, issue of the Tribune reported that his brother William was taking a yearlong leave of absence from his job as mayor of Topeka, apparently for health reasons. Chapter 9 1. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 235. 2. Telegraphed statement from the St. Louis Post Dispatch, reprinted in the Kansas Weekly Tribune, July 5, 1866. 3. Ibid. 4. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 235, citing an article in the Leavenworth Conservative. 5. Kansas Tribune, July 8, 1866. 6. “The Cause of Suicide,” New York Tribune, July 2, 1866, reprinted in the Kansas Tribune, July 10, 1866. 7. Lewis, “The Man the Historians Forgot,” 102. 8. Ibid. 9. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 35. 10. Kansas Daily Tribune, July 11, 1866. 11. Plummer, “Crawford’s Appointment,” 147. 12. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 34. 13. Ibid. 14. Plummer, “Crawford’s Appointment,” 148. notes to pages 89–99 = 293 15. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 236–37. 16. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 35. 17. Kansas Tribune, July 21, 1866. 18. Ibid. 19. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 35. 20. Ibid., 35–36. Chapter Ten 1. Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 2d sess., 213. 2. Ibid. 3. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 5, citing Charles Nordhoff letter to W. C. Bryant, February 2, 1867, Bryant-Godwin Collection, New York Public Library; see also Foner, Reconstruction, 180. 4. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 94. 5. Andrew Johnson, annual message to Congress, December 3, 1866, Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 2d sess., Appendix, 1. 6. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents, 107–9. 7. Randall and Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction, 591. 8. Joint Resolution S.R. 152, Committee on Reconstruction, December 19, 1866, Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 2d sess., 211. 9. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, 474–76. 10. Hebert, Modern Maine, 204. 11. By coincidence, Ross’s daughter Eddie would marry William Cobb, a nephew of William Pitt Fessenden. They would name their son Edmund Fessenden Cobb, in honor of both E. G. Ross and the Fessenden name. Young Edmund Cobb would grow up to be a western movie star who appeared in more than five hundred films between 1912 and 1966. 12. Ross, handwritten vita, Ross Collection, Topeka. This five-page document bears the notation “32422” on the first page. 13. Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 2d sess., 212. 14. Ibid. 15. Abraham Lincoln, April 11, 1865; text at historyplace.com/lincoln/reconst.htm, quoted with slight variations in Ross, History of the Impeachment, 18. 16. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 18. 17. Excellent and fairly concise descriptions of the Fourteenth Amendment can be found in Randall and Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction, 580–85, and in McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, 326–63. 18. See, for example, Representative Thaddeus Stevens, speaking to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, January 3, 1867, Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 2d sess., 251. 19. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, 476n67. 294 < notes to pages 99–1o6 20. Stevens to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 251. 21. The Fortieth Congress convened in a special session the day after the Thirty-ninth adjourned. 22. Randall and Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction, 598–99. 23. Ibid., 595; see also 596–600 for a description of how the Reconstruction Acts played out during the first year after passage. An excellent description of the debate leading to passage of the Reconstruction Act can be found in McKitrick’s Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, 476–85. Also note that a fourth Reconstruction Act was enacted in March 1868, a full year after passage of the first act. The fourth act eliminated the requirement of a majority of all voters to pass a new constitution in seceded states, changing the law to a majority of voters taking part in constitutional referendums. Chapter Eleven 1. The Journal of the Senate shows Ross still voting on January 10 but not after that date until February 1; see A Century of Lawmaking, Senate Journal, 39th Cong., 2d sess., 84–193. 2. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 163–65. 3. Kansas Territorial Legislature, Report of the Joint Committee of Investigation, 244–45. Note that Clarke, who had been the Kansas representative to Congress, failed in his bid for reelection in 1869 and was running for the Senate seat vacated by Ross. 4. Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 346–47. 5. Kansas Territorial Legislature, Report of the Joint Committee of Investigation, 239– 40. 6. Ibid., 243. 7. Ross to Andrew Johnson, June 23, 1868, Andrew Johnson Papers, Library of Congress; see also Plummer, “Profile in Courage?” 41. 8. Barker, “Perry Fuller,” 1. 9. Ibid., 3. 10. Litteer, Perry Fuller, 10. This work contains a significant number of errors and should be used with caution. It is probably reliable for establishing a date for Fuller to be in Baldwin. There are no footnotes to indicate sources. 11. Sherwood, A Labor of Love, 21–22; see also Harold E. Miner to F. E. Blackburn, July 31, 1954, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, filed under BB, MSS, Fuller. 12. Sherwood, A Labor of Love, 22. 13. Miner and Unrau, End of Indian Kansas, 64–65. 14. Ross’s Paper, March 1, 1872, 49. 15. Ibid. 16. Note that Ross’s senatorial term ended a little more than a year before his appearance before the Committee on Privileges and Elections. notes to pages 107–16 = 295 17. See testimony before the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections (investigating the Kansas senatorial elections of 1867 and 1871), May 27, 1872, Congressional Globe, 42nd Cong., 2d sess., Appendix: entire testimony, 606–26, Ross testimony, 617–19. 18. The election of Alexander Caldwell to replace Edmund Ross and his dismissal from the Senate a year later is covered in chapter 16. 19. See chapter 14 for further discussion of Ross’s “Fuller” letter and of other letters to Johnson from Ross. 20. “Seizure of Goods in Transit to Kansas—Attachment Against Fuller,” New York Times, September 4, 1869. 21. “Ex-Collector Perry Fuller in Court,” New York Times, September 26, 1869, reprinted from New-Orleans Bee, September 21, 1869. 22. Miner to Blackburn (see note 11). Chapter Twelve 1. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 57. 2. Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 47. 3. Ibid., 48. 4. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 57–58. 5. A Century of Lawmaking, Senate Journal, 39th Cong., 2d sess., 216. 6. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 62, quoting President Johnson’s objections to the Tenure of Office Act. 7. A Century of Lawmaking, Senate Journal, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 419. 8. Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 1st sess., 241. The Tenure of Office Act was repealed in 1887 during the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland. 9. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 63–64; see also Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 79, and Hearn, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 118. 10. Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 53–54; Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 72–73. 11. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 81, citing Stanton letter to Johnson, August 5, 1867. 12. Ibid., 82. 13. Ibid., 85–97. 14. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., Appendix, 1–4. 15. Ibid., 2–3. 16. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 55–58. 17. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 53. 18. Randall and Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction, 602–3; see also Ross, History of the Impeachment, 46–53, for a more detailed exposition. 19. A Century of Lawmaking, Senate Executive Journal, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 96. 296 < notes to pages 116–27 20. Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 95. 21. A Century of Lawmaking, Senate Executive Journal, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 128. 22. Ibid., 129. 23. Ibid., 130. Three other senators (Grimes, Henderson, and Van Winkle) who would vote with Ross to acquit the president in May also abstained from voting on the Doolittle amendment; see Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 99. 24. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 125–28; Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 96–99. 25. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, 504. 26. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 131–34; see also McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, 504–5. 27. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 135–36. 28. A Century of Lawmaking, Senate Executive Journal, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 170–72. 29. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 66n. 30. Ibid., 67. 31. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, 505n32. 32. Ibid., 507. 33. Kansas State Record, March 4, 1868. 34. Although Ross was appointed to the job in July 1866, he did not really become active until December. 35. There appears to be no extant correspondence between Ross and Ewing Jr. prior to the impeachment trial. Since they were living in the same town, there probably was little reason for written correspondence, but at least two letters written by Ewing to General John McDowell, one on August 29, 1867, and another dated October 1867, reveal his friendly relationship with Ross; see Ewing Collection, MSS 570. Chapter Thirteen 1. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 126–28; Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 138. 2. Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 113; Trefousse, Impeachment of a President, 138–39; Ross, History of the Impeachment, 83. 3. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 83–84. 4. Hearn, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 166. 5. Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 115–16. 6. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 105–26. 7. Ibid., 114–16; Sherman testimony, Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., Supplement: Trial of Andrew Johnson, 158–60. 8. Ross, History of the Impeachment, 125. 9. Ibid., 133. 10. Ibid., 129–33. notes to pages 127–36 = 297 11. Dewitt, Impeachment and Trial, 543–44. 12. Ross, quoted in “Ex-Senator Ross’s Own Story of the Johnson Impeachment Trial,” Kansas City Star, May 17, 1903. 13. Dewitt, Impeachment and Trial, 539. 14. For Pomeroy’s testimony see United States Congress, House Select Committee, “Raising of Money to be Used in Impeachment,” 30–32; for Ross’s speech see Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 4515–16. 15. Dewitt, Impeachment and Trial, 533. 16. Jellison, Fessenden of Maine, 244–45. 17. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 4515–16. 18. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 2599. 19. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 4516. 20. Stewart, Impeached, 269. 21. Sherwood, A Labor of Love, 23, 31–36, 37–45. Ream’s statue of Lincoln is still in the Capitol. 22. Interview with General Dan Sickles attributed to the Chicago Record and printed in the Boston Daily Globe, November 1, 1896; see also Sherwood, A Labor of Love, 96, citing Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 299–301, and New York Sun, October 25, 1896. 23. Plummer, “Profile in Courage?” 37. 24. Ross, “The Impeachment Trial,” 521. 25. There were multiple closing arguments that took days to present. Evarts’s closing argument alone, for the defense, lasted fourteen hours and spanned four days (see Hearn, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 193). It is not the intention of this biography to give a detailed account of the impeachment proceedings. However, one important difference between the prosecution and defense, regarding the president’s legal responsibilities, was revealed in arguments offered by Stevens for the House managers and by Stanbery for the president. 26. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., Supplement: Trial of Andrew Johnson, 321. 27. Ibid., 373. 28. Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 137–38, citing Browning, Diary, 2:195 (May 5, 1868); Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 6:632. 29. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage, 126–27. 30. “Impeachment, Final Vote in the Senate on the Eleventh Article,” New York Times, May 16, 1868. 31. Some accounts describe Grimes rising to his feet with great difficulty. 32. See note 30. 33. Ross, “The Impeachment Trial,” 524. 34. Plummer, “Profile in Courage?” 36 and n21; Welles, Diary, 3:358. Plummer identifies Senators Morgan, Sprague, and Nye as inclined to vote “not guilty.” Welles claimed Senators Anthony, Corbett, and Cole as hopeful “not guilty” voters. See also Roske, His Own Counsel, 149–50. 298 < notes to pages 136–47 35. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 4516. 36. Ibid. See also the full text of United States Congress, House Select Committee, “Raising of Money to be Used in Impeachment.” Other than Pomeroy’s testimony, there is comparatively little about Ross in the report and certainly nothing damaging about Ross. There is a great deal about Perry Fuller and his efforts to raise money for the defense of the president. 37. Welles, Diary, 3:362. 38. Dewitt, Impeachment and Trial, 573–74. 39. Ibid., 575. 40. “Ross’s Varying Fortune, From Case to Senate and Back Again,” New York Times, August 18, 1889, reprinted from the Leavenworth Conservative, August 17, 1889. 41. Leavenworth Daily Conservative, May 17, 1868. 42. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 37–38. 43. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 89. 44. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 36. 45. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 2599. 46. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 4515, 4517. 47. Dewitt, Impeachment and Trial, 548–49. Chapter Fourteen 1. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 2599. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Heitzman, “Reaction of the Kansas Press,” 43–60. 6. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage, 128. 7. McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 456. 8. Taylor, “Business and Political Career of Thomas Ewing, Jr.,” 185–88. 9. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 4515. 10. Berwanger, “Ross and the Impeachment,” 239. 11. Plummer, “Profile in Courage?” 33. 12. Berwanger, “Ross and the Impeachment,” 239. 13. Report from H. C. Whitney to editor Prouty, cited in Berwanger, “Ross and the Impeachment,” 239. 14. Taylor, “Business and Political Career of Thomas Ewing, Jr.,” 186–87. 15. Ross to Andrew Johnson, June 6, 1868, Andrew Johnson Papers, Library of Congress. 16. Ross to Andrew Johnson, June 23, 1868, Johnson Papers. 17. Welles, Diary, 3:39. notes to pages 147–59 = 299 18. See chapter 11 for a detailed account of the 1867 elections of both Ross and Pomeroy. 19. Ross to Andrew Johnson, July 1, 1868, Johnson Papers. 20. Ross to Andrew Johnson, July 10, 1868, Johnson Papers. 21. Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, 137–38, citing Browning, Diary 2:195 (May 5, 1868); Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 6:632. 22. Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 78. 23. Dewitt, Impeachment and Trial, 569–70. 24. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 4513. 25. Ibid., 4516. 26. Ibid., 4514. 27. Ibid. 28. McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 455. 29. Sherwood, A Labor of Love, 98–99. 30. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d sess., 2676. 31. See Thaddeus Stevens, Champion of Freedom, 5. 32. Whitney to Ross, January 19, 1869, Ross Collection, Topeka. 33. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 36–37. Chapter Fifteen 1. Ross to Fannie, from Cane Hill, Arkansas, December 12, 1862, Ross Collection, Topeka. 2. Snell and Wilson, “Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe,” part 2. 3. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 38–39. 4. Ibid., 40–41. 5. McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 92. 6. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 40. 7. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 3d sess., 982. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., 983. 10. Roske, His Own Counsel, 154. 11. Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 3d sess., 984. 12. Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 1st sess., 241. 13. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 41. 14. McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 145–46. 15. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 41. 16. Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 1st sess., 731, quoting “A Speck of War at the White House,” New York Herald, April 13, 1869. 300 < notes to pages 159–88 17. Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 1st sess., 732. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. See Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 1st sess., 750, 751; see also Jellison, Fessenden of Maine, 222–23. 21. Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 1st sess., 732–33. 22. McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 456. 23. Ross to Fannie, June 2, 1869, Ross Collection, Topeka. 24. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 43. 25. Ross to Fannie, December 15, 1869, Ross Collection, Topeka. 26. Ross to Fannie, December 29, 1869, Ross Collection, Topeka. 27. “Impeachment Trial,” Kansas State Record, January 5, 1870. 28. The name of the school that Lillian was attending is not recorded in any Ross family document, but the chances are good it was in Chicago, since Ross mentions in his letter that he hopes to be able to meet Lillian in Chicago on the way home. 29. Ross to Fannie, March 6, 1870, Ross Collection, Topeka. 30. Ibid. 31. Ross to Fannie, March 7, 1870, Ross Collection, Topeka. 32. Ross to Fannie, March 28, 1870, Ross Collection, Topeka. 33. Ross to Fannie, April 4, 1870, Ross Collection, Topeka. 34. Ross to Fannie, April 19, 1870, Ross Collection, Topeka. 35. Ross, handwritten vita (see note 12 to chapter 10). Chapter Sixteen 1. LaForte, “Gilded Age Senator,” 237. 2. Ibid., 250. 3. Ibid., 240. 4. Ross to Pitt Ross, March 8, 1871, Ross Collection, Topeka. 5. Ross to Fannie, March 12, 1871, Ross Collection, Topeka. 6. Ross to Fannie, March 17, 1871, Ross Collection, Topeka. 7. Ross to Fannie, July 24, 1871, Ross Collection, Topeka. 8. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 43–44. 9. Ross’s Paper, December 22, 1871. 10. Ibid. 11. Grove, “The Man Who Saved Andrew Johnson,” 11. Based on an interview with Ross, the piece was not published until 1910. 12. Ross’s Paper, December 22, 1871. 13. New York Tribune editorial, quoted in McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 184. notes to pages 188–95 = 301 14. Samuel Pomeroy, “Open Letter to Edmund Ross,” Ross’s Paper, January 12, 1872. 15. For Pomeroy’s role in administering drought relief funds, see chapter 5. 16. Ross’s Paper, January 12, 1872. In addition to Pomeroy’s houses in Washington and Boston and his ranch in Kansas, Ross further claimed that Pomeroy had two hundred lots in the town of Neodesha and owned half the town of Augusta, half the town of Concordia, a hundred town lots and several quarter sections of land around the city of Ottawa, 90,000 acres of Pottawatomie land, and 40,000 to 50,000 acres of Kickapoo Indian land, in addition to 23,000 acres of Kickapoo land that he had sold to a Swedish company for seven dollars per acre after acquiring them for a dollar an acre. 17. Ross’s Paper, February 2, 1972. 18. Kansas Territorial Legislature, Report of the Joint Committee of Investigation; see also chapter 11. 19. Ross’s Paper, March 1, 1872, 49. 20. Ibid. Readers are urged to see the full text of the article in chapter 11, which deals at length with the 1867 election. 21. See A Century of Lawmaking, Senate Journal, 42d Cong., 2d sess., 714. 22. See chapter 11 for a more detailed account of Ross’s testimony before the United States Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. 23. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 46. 24. Caldwell, “Pomeroy’s ‘Ross Letter,’” 463–65. 25. Ibid. 466–70; see also McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 176. 26. Caldwell, “Pomeroy’s ‘Ross Letter.’” 27. Ross, handwritten vita (see note 12 to chapter 10), 4. 28. Heitzman, “Reaction of the Kansas Press,” 9, citing Kansas Daily Commonwealth, April 17, 1872. 29. Atchison Patriot, April 23, 1872. 30. White, Life of Lyman Trumbull, 322. 31. Heitzman, “Reaction of the Kansas Press,” 10. 32. Evening Paper, January 20, 1873. 33. Leis,“Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 47–48. 34. McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 173–84. 35. Caldwell, “Pomeroy’s ‘Ross Letter,’” 470. 36. Twain and Warner, The Gilded Age, 518–19; LaForte, “Gilded Age Senator,” 234. 37. McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 182–83, citing the New York Tribune with unspecified date. 38. A Century of Lawmaking, Senate Journal, 42d Cong., 3d sess., 111. 39. Ibid., 382. 40. McCabe, Behind the Scenes in Washington, 188. 302 < notes to pages 196–206 Chapter Seventeen 1. Ross’s Paper, March 8, 1872; see also Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, “Legislative and Political Annals,” part 3, 1872. 2. White, Life of Lyman Trumbull, 44–45. 3. Roske, His Own Counsel, 161. 4. Ibid., 163–67; White, Life of Lyman Trumbull, 386–87. 5. Earle Dudley Ross, The Liberal Republican Movement, 67–69. 6. Ross’s Paper, July 19, 1872, 98. 7. Ibid. 8. Earle Dudley Ross, The Liberal Republican Movement, 190–91. 9. Spirit of Kansas, June 24, 1874, 4. 10. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 49–50; Heitzman, “Reaction of the Kansas Press,” 10–11. 11. Lawrence Standard, October 8, 1876; see also chapter 6 with reference to Quantrill’s raid. 12. Lawrence Standard, January 11, 1877. 13. Lawrence Standard, January 23, 1877. 14. Ibid. 15. Lawrence Evening Standard, February 12, 1877, 1. 16. Lawrence Evening Standard, April 17, 1877, 1, reporting on the depth of the depression. 17. Lawrence Evening Standard, April 18, 1877. 18. Miller Center, “American President: Rutherford B. Hayes.” 19. Lawrence Evening Standard, March 29, 1878. 20. Lawrence Evening Standard, April 10, 1879. 21. Lawrence Evening Standard, May 30, 1879. 22. Atchison Patriot, August 28, 1880. The Atchison Patriot may have been the one Kansas Democratic newspaper that had a larger circulation than the Lawrence Standard. 23. Heitzman, “Reaction of the Kansas Press,” 80. 24. Atchison Patriot, August 28, 1880. 25. Roske, His Own Counsel, 170. 26. Heitzman, “Reaction of the Kansas Press,” 94–95. 27. Leavenworth Democratic Standard, October 20, 1880. 28. Leavenworth Democratic Standard, October 27, 1880. 29. Heitzman, “Reaction of the Kansas Press,” 81–82, quoting the Kansas Chief, September 2, 1880. 30. Leavenworth Times, August 29, 1880. 31. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 50. 32. Heitzman, “Reaction of the Kansas Press,” 96. notes to pages 207–17 = 303 33. Leavenworth Democratic Standard, May 3, 1881. 34. “A Black Record,” Leavenworth Democratic Standard, January 1, 1882. 35. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 51. 36. Leavenworth Democratic Standard, March 4, 1882. 37. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 51–52; for David B. Emmert, see Albuquerque City Directory 1883, 49. 38. Leavenworth Democratic Standard, September 15, 1882. Chapter Eighteen 1. Between 1846 and 1867 various army companies were garrisoned at Albuquerque. During that time an unusually tall (121-foot) flagpole was erected in the plaza used by the army for military formations. 2. Chase, Editor’s Run, 137–43. Chase’s discourse on Albuquerque is well written and appears to be an unbiased assessment of the town. In addition to being printed in booklet form, Chase’s articles apparently were serialized in the Vermont Union, a newspaper that Chase edited. 3. Simmons, Albuquerque: A Narrative History, 288–89. 4. Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society 12 (1912): 449n; Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Two,” 51. 5. Anderson, History of New Mexico, 1:470. 6. Albuquerque Daily Democrat, December 22, 1882; see also chapter 5. 7. Albuquerque Daily Democrat, December 30, 1882. 8. Ross to Fannie, February 6, 1883, cited in Lamar, “Edmund G. Ross,” 181. The letter is no longer in the files of the New Mexico State Archives. 9. Albuquerque Morning Journal, February 18, 1883. Langhammer was identified in The World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, New Orleans, 1884–1885 by Herbert S. Fairall as a U.S. commissioner and professor promoting various industries in New Mexico at the New Orleans Exposition. 10. See “Copper City,” ghosttowns.com/states/nm/coppercity.html. 11. Rebard, “Social History of Albuquerque,” 13. 12. Lamar, “Edward G. Ross,” 183n19; see also J. Van Brimmer and Co. to Ross, August 12, 1886, and W. H. Rohrer and W. M. Riley to A. W. Cleland, September 23 and 25, 1886, Governor Edmund Ross Papers, 1885–1889, New Mexico State Archives, Santa Fe (hereafter Ross Papers, Santa Fe). 13. Ross, “The Albuquerque Town Grant, Its Character and History,” MSS 496 BC, Edmund G. Ross Papers, 1865–1907, University of New Mexico Center for Southwest Research, Albuquerque (hereafter Ross Papers, Albuquerque). 14. An excellent summary of the Albuquerque grant can be found in Bowden, “Private Land Claims in the Southwest,” 1681–94. 15. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 1. 16. Santa Fe Herald, June 23, 1888, reprinted from the El Paso Tribune. 17. Ross, letter to the editor, Albuquerque Morning Journal, September 3, 1884; see also his letter to the Journal on August 6, 1884. 304 < notes to pages 218–29 18. Lamar, “Edmund G. Ross,” 183–84. It seems likely that the Ross-Burke educational bill was submitted to Congress during the months when Ross was in Washington, November 1883 through early summer 1884. 19. As of September 6, 1884, Burke’s name had disappeared from the editorial page of the Journal. 20. Lamar, “Edmund G. Ross,” 184n24. 21. Albuquerque Morning Journal, August 29, 1884. 22. Deming Headlight, March 4, 1893, reprinted from the Albuquerque Times, date unknown. 23. Note that Cleveland served two terms that were separated by the single term of Benjamin Harrison. 24. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 157. 25. Lamar, “Edmund G. Ross,” 187. 26. Democratic Leaders of Albuquerque to Grover Cleveland, April 6, 1885, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 27. Ross to Grover Cleveland, April 30, 1885, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 28. Albuquerque Morning Journal, May 13, 1885. 29. Burke to Grover Cleveland, May 20, 1885, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 30. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 3. 31. Santa Fe New Mexican Review, June 16, 1885. 32. Ibid. 33. Albuquerque Morning Journal, June 17, 1885. 34. Ibid. 35. Albuquerque Morning Journal, July 23, 1885. 36. Ibid. Chapter Nineteen 1. Kessell, Remote Beyond Compare, xiv. 2. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 146. 3. Ibid. 4. For a description of daily life in colonial New Mexico, see Simmons, Coronado’s Land. For a description of the colonial Spanish era from the perspective of Pueblo Indians, see Sando, The Pueblo Indians. For an excellent summary of colonial New Mexico history, see Chávez, New Mexico Past and Future. For a deeper understanding of relations between Pueblo people and Spaniards, see Kessell, Pueblos, Spaniards, and the Kingdom of New Mexico. 5. Shishkin, The Palace of the Governors. 6. Stephen Watts Kearny, speaking to the people of Las Vegas, New Mexico, August 15, 1846. The full text of the speech is preserved in a plaque in the town plaza, where the speech was given. 7. For the Kearny Proclamation, see Keleher, Turmoil in New Mexico, 15–16. notes to pages 229–40 = 305 8. Davis, El Gringo, 193. 9. Ross, “Memorial in Behalf of the Bill for the Admission of New Mexico to Statehood,” Ross Papers, Santa Fe, reprinted in Santa Fe Herald, April 21, 1888; see also Davis, El Gringo, 221–25. 10. Davis, El Gringo, 57. 11. Prince, New Mexico’s Struggle for Statehood, 40–41. 12. Quoted in Keleher, Turmoil in New Mexico, 61–62. 13. Chávez, New Mexico, 122–23. 14. Simmons, Albuquerque: A Narrative History, 218. 15. Ross to H. C. Burnett, February 24, 1888, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. This H. C. Burnett is likely to be the same man who was Ross’s assistant editor in Leavenworth, Kansas, and, it would appear, followed Ross to New Mexico. Chapter Twenty 1. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 132. 2. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 11. 3. Schiller, “George W. Julian,” part 1 (April 2010). 4. Julian, “Land-Stealing in New Mexico,” 17. 5. See chapter 18 for an account of the July 22 banquet. 6. Ross, banquet speech, July 22, 1885, Ross Collection, Topeka. 7. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 154. 8. See note 6. 9. Wallace, Report of the Governor . . . 1879, 1. 10. Ross, Report of the Governor . . . 1885, 4. 11. Westphall, Mercedes Reales, 9–10, citing McBride, Land Systems of Mexico, 107–8. 12. Ross, Report of the Governor . . . 1885, 4–5. 13. Westphall, Mercedes Reales, 19–20. A court decision in 1892 decided Albuquerque and Santa Fe were validly established town grants, but the decision was later nullified. It took an act of Congress in 1902 to certify the grants. See chapter 18 for Ross’s efforts to settle Albuquerque’s claim for validation. 14. Although this prohibition against surveying before congressional approval may have been established early on, later reports by Surveyor General Julian indicate that surveying prior to congressional approval did take place some of the time. 15. Ebright, Land Grants and Lawsuits, 39. Most of the information in this book concerning land grants and the surveyor general comes from Ebright, 21–45. 16. Ross, Report of the Governor . . . 1885, 5. 17. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 160, citing letters from Joseph to Ross on May 31 and July 19, 1886. 18. Wallace, Report of the Governor . . . 1879, 4. 19. Ross, Report of the Governor . . . 1886, 5–9. 306 < notes to pages 241–49 20. Julian, “Land-Stealing in New Mexico,” 17. 21. Ibid., 18. 22. Ibid., 21–22. 23. Ibid., 23–24. 24. Ibid., 28. 25. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 159. 26. Julian, “Land-Stealing in New Mexico,” 29. 27. Ibid., 30. 28. Ross, address to the House Committee on Territories, January 11, 1888, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 29. Ross to Voorhees, November 14, 1887, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 30. Voorhees to Ross, undated, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 31. See note 28. 32. Dorsey, “Land Stealing in New Mexico,” 404. 33. Ross, argument before the House Committee on Private Land Claims, February 11, 1888, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 34. Julian, “The Surveyor General and the Land Grant Titles,” letter released to territorial newspapers, reprinted in an undated cutting, likely from the Santa Fe Herald, in Ross Papers, reel 101, no. 650, Santa Fe. 35. Commentary accompanying Julian’s letter (see note 34). 36. Joseph to Ross, July 30, 1888, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 37. Stewart to Ross, September 10, 1888, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 38. Santa Fe Herald, September 10, 1888. 39. Prince, Concise History of New Mexico, 208–9. 40. Twitchell, Leading Facts, 2:463–65. 41. Ibid., 2:462. 42. Westphall, Mercedes Reales, 105. 43. Ibid., 133. 44. Schiller, “George W. Julian,” part 4 (July 2010). In addition to his four-part series in the La Jicarita News examining the role of George Julian as surveyor general in New Mexico, see Schiller’s paper “The History and Adjudication of the Antonio Chávez Grant”; see also Twitchell, Leading Facts, 2:463–65. Chapter Twenty-One 1. Ross to John O’Grady, March 26, 1887, Ross Papers, Santa Fe, 1. 2. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 131, citing Herbert O. Brayer. 3. Interestingly, Edmund G. Ross would one day be included with Thomas Hart Benton and six other senators in John F. Kennedy’s Profiles in Courage. 4. Westphall, Thomas Benton Catron, 7. notes to pages 249–56 = 307 5. Ibid., 21. 6. Ibid., 399. 7. Ibid., 25. 8. Westphall, Mercedes Reales, 157–58. 9. Although Antonio Joseph was thought to be a Ring member, his working relationship with Ross appears to have been excellent. See chapter 20. 10. Keleher, The Fabulous Frontier, 130. 11. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 131. 12. Ross to John O’Grady, 5. 13. Ibid., 3, 4. 14. Ibid., 5–6. 15. “The President Indignant; He Suspends Chief-Justice Vincent, of New Mexico,” New York Times, October 15, 1885; see also Keleher, The Maxwell Land Grant, 137–38. 16. Ross to John O’Grady, 5. 17. Westphall, Thomas Benton Catron, 201; see also Twitchell, Leading Facts, 2:501. 18. Ross to John O’Grady, 9. 19. Westphall, Thomas Benton Catron, 200. 20. Draft, Ross to A. H. Garland, August 24, 1885, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 21. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 10. Family papers in Albuquerque indicate the bride was Mabel Lucy Griswald. 22. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 132–33, 140–41. 23. Ross to William Breeden, November 24, 1885, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 24. Westphall, Thomas Benton Catron, 200–201. 25. Ross to Antonio Ortiz y Salazar, July 28, 1886, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 26. Ross to John O’Grady, 7–8. 27. Senators M. C. Butler and Charles Manderson to Ross, March 2, 1886, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 28. Ross to John O’Grady, 11. Note that page 10 is missing; either there is no page 10 or the letter is not numbered correctly. 29. Ross, Seven Vetoes. A copy is in the Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 30. Ross to Secretary of the Interior L. Q. C. Lamar, [January 1887], Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 31. “The Socorro Disincorporation Bill,” January 20, 1887, in Ross, Seven Vetoes, 1. 32. See Board of Co. Com’rs of Socorro Co. v. Leavitt and others, January 8, 1887, in New Mexico Supreme Court, Reports, 4:74–78, online at books.google.com /books?id=p_sDAAAAYAAJ. 33. “The Torts Bill,” February 24, 1887, in Ross, Seven Vetoes, 9. 34. “Opposing Logan County,” Santa Fe Weekly New Mexican, January 13, 1887. 35. “The Logan County Bill,” February 21, 1887, in Ross, Seven Vetoes, 7. 36. Silver City Enterprise, March 4, 1887. 308 < notes to pages 256–63 37. Ross to John O’Grady, 13, 14. 38. Lamar, “Edmund G. Ross,” 203–4. 39. Twitchell, Leading Facts, 2:501. 40. Eddie Ross to Lillian Ross Leis, February 28, 1889, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 41. Prince, Concise History of New Mexico, 205–6. 42. “About Executive Vetoes and Vicious Legislation,” Deming Headlight, January 21, 1893. The article indicates there were 87 bills that became law when Ross did not act on them within three days. If Prince was right about Ross approving 47 bills, then the number Ross did not act upon was 75. 43. All messages from Ross to the Twenty-eighth Legislative Assembly, including his veto messages, are bundled in the printed file General and Special Messages of Governor Ross to the 28th Legislative Assembly, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. Ross’s papers as governor are all on microfilm at the New Mexico State Library, which adjoins the archives. General and Special Messages . . . to the 28th Assembly are on roll 102 beginning at frame 220. The date on the heading is wrong: it should be December 28, 1888, but the typesetter has it as 1889. 44. Veto dated February 13, 1889, in Ross, Vetoes of the 28th Legislative Assembly, 51. See also United States Constitution, Article IV, Section 3: “The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make needful Rules and Regulations Respecting the territory or other Property belonging to the United States.” 45. Shane, “Edmund G. Ross: Governor of New Mexico.” 46. Veto dated January 28, 1889, in Ross, Vetoes of the 28th Legislative Assembly, 32. 47. Ibid., 35–36. 48. Veto dated February 12, 1889, in Ross, Vetoes of the 28th Legislative Assembly, 47–48. 49. Veto dated February 28, 1889, in Ross, Vetoes of the 28th Legislative Assembly, 80–83. 50. See note 40. 51. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 162. 52. Lamar, “Edmund G. Ross,” 205. 53. Ross, General and Special Messages . . . to the 28th Legislative Assembly, entry for December 29, 1888, 11. Note that the published messages were incorrectly dated 1889. 54. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 162, citing figures used by Ross in a March 31, 1890, pamphlet, Public Schools and Statehood for New Mexico. 55. See note 40. 56. Ross, “Address to the People of New Mexico,” March 1, 1889, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 57. See chapter 18 regarding the Ross and Burke proposal to the United States Congress to have the federal government finance and run a public school system in New Mexico. 58. Santa Fe Daily Sun, January 1, 1891. 59. See note 53; see also Lamar, “Edmund G. Ross,” 205–6. 60. Lamar, “Edmund G. Ross,” 206. notes to pages 263–71 = 309 61. Simmons, Albuquerque: A Narrative History, 231–32. 62. “Welcome Home,” Albuquerque Morning Journal, June 17, 1885. 63. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 6. 64. Fannie Ross to a nephew named Charles, April 24, 1887, Ross Collection, Topeka. 65. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 6. Chapter Twenty-Two 1. “Ross’s Varying Fortune,” New York Times, August 18, 1889. 2. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 159. 3. Ashenfelter to Ross, August 10, 1889, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 4. Ashenfelter to Ross, August 25, 1889, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 5. George Albright to Ross, July 9, 1886, Ross Papers, Santa Fe; see also Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 10. 6. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 12. 7. Lillian Leis was writing several decades after her father’s death, and her recollections are not always accurate, especially in part 3, which seems to have been written later than the first two parts. Her memories of where and when her brother Pitt and her mother and father lived are not always reliable. Leis’s memory of the adobe house adjacent to the “ranch” may be wrong; she may be confusing it with the home on Barelas Road. I have chosen to assume she is right about there being two adobe houses over a period of years. Even if she is wrong, it is of little consequence. Probably Pitt and his wife were living on Barelas Road by sometime in 1893. 8. Homestead Certificate No. 1719, January 22, 1896, Bureau of Land Management, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 9. Deming Headlight, September 7, 1889. 10. Deming Headlight, October 12, 1889. Statehood was not achieved until January 1912, five years after Ross’s death. 11. Deming Headlight, October 4, 1890. 12. Ibid. 13. Deming Headlight, October 25, 1890. 14. Deming Headlight, reprinted from the Santa Fe Sun, January 10, 1891. 15. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 20; see also chapter 17 for an account of the Anthony incident. 16. “Land Court Bill Passed,” Deming Headlight, March 7, 1891. 17. See New Mexico Office of the State Historian, “Thornton, William Taylor.” 18. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 13. 19. See “The Governorship,” Deming Headlight, March 25, 1893. The article indicates strong newspaper endorsement both of Ross and of Cleveland’s nonreappointment policy. 310 < notes to pages 271–81 20. Scribner’s Magazine to Ross, November 4, 1891, Ross Collection, Topeka. The letter acknowledges that Ross has accepted their invitation to write the Johnson impeachment article. 21. Ross, “The Impeachment Trial,” 524. 22. Thomas Ewing Jr. to Ross, July 26, 1894, Ross Collection, Topeka. 23. Ross, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, preface. 24. Ibid., 38–39. 25. Foner, Reconstruction, xvii. 26. Ross, The Pilgrim and the Cavalier, n.p. 27. See “A Great Irrigation Enterprise,” Deming Headlight, November 23, 1889. 28. Ross, “Future of the Arid West.” 29. Ross to Fannie, March 16, 1897, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 30. This may have been during a time when Leis was known to have been on an extended vacation in Colorado. 31. Ross to a daughter, probably Lillian, April 10, 1897, Ross Papers, Santa Fe, 7. 32. Ross to Fannie, April 19, 1897, Ross Papers, Santa Fe. 33. Leis may be confused about the year. A picture of Ross, dressed just as she described, was likely shot in 1896. The picture shows the family (without Fannie) gathered at the shanty and includes Arthur, who died in January 1897. 34. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 15, 16. Lillian is confused about the dates of her presence in Albuquerque. She is right that the family celebrated the forty-ninth anniversary in October 1897, but she is incorrect that she returned one year later. She would have returned two years later in 1899. Also, Lillian writes of one grandchild who died. She is probably referring to Wilson Ross, the four-year-old son of Pitt and Clemie who died in 1894. She fails to mention the deaths of her sister Fannie’s children in 1896 and 1897. 35. Albuquerque Journal Democrat, November 14, 1899, reporting the death of Fannie Ross; see also Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 16. 36. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 16. If the manuscript has survived, its location remains a mystery. 37. Ibid., 16. 38. Ibid., 17, 18. 39. Ibid., 18. 40. Ibid., 18–19. 41. Simmons, Albuquerque: A Narrative History, 313–14. 42. Rowe, Wonderful Old Lawrence, 116–18. 43. Albuquerque Morning Journal, March 12, 1907. 44. Albuquerque Morning Journal, March 11, 1907. 45. Quoted in Bumgardner, Life of Edmund G. Ross, 102–3. 46. Leis, “Memoirs . . . Part Three,” 21. 47. Albuquerque Morning Journal, May 11, 1907. ...