New Mexico's Spanish Livestock Heritage: Four Centuries of Animals, Land, and People

Notes

173 Chapter One 1. The body of evidence points to plant and animal domestication beginning sometime between 8,000 and 10,500 years ago in the region of the Fertile Crescent, with the domestication of barley, lentils, peas, garbanzos , vetch, flax, and two kinds of wheat. (Some comparable early dates have recently come to light for the initial domestication of squash and possibly other cultigens in lowland South America.) The domestication of goats and sheep occurred about that time, followed by pigs and, a thousand years later, cattle. 2. George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of New Mexico, 1595–1628. 2 vols. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1953), 401–2. 3. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 157–75, 161–75. Diamond discusses the 148 large wild animals that are potential candidates for domestication and why only 14 of them are actually domesticable and were domesticated . He lists the attributes that preclude most of the candidates from being domesticated. 4. Samuel de Champlain, Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico in the Years 1599–1602, trans. Alice Wilmere (London: Hakluyt Society, 1859), 24. 5. Adám Miklósi, Dog Behavior, Evolution, and Cognition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 104. 6. Dody M. Fugate, “Pueblo Dogs: The Oldest Companions,” in Threads, Tints, and Edification: in Honor of Glenna Dean, ed. Emily J. Brown, Karen Armstrong, David M. Brugge, and Carol J. Condie, Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico 36 (Albuquerque: Archaeological Society of New Mexico, 2010), 93–95. 7. Hammond and Rey, Don Juan de Oñate, 401. 8. Emanuel Breitburg, “The Evolution of Turkey Domestication in the Notes 174 • Notes to pages 4–7 Greater Southwest and Mesoamerica,” in Culture and Contact: Charles C. Di Peso’s Gran Chichimeca, ed. Anne I. Woosley and John C. Ravesloot (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993), 154, 172. Based upon ethnohistoric, ethnographic, and archaeological data considerations , Breitburg (personal communication 2009) developed a model suggesting that turkeys were first domesticated by Anasazi-Mogollon cultures and were introduced to Mesoamerica via Casas Grandes. He disputes earlier conclusions that the bird was domesticated in Mesoamerica and introduced later into the American Southwest. Although these conclusions date to the early 1990s, he confirmed by telephone in 2010 that the evidence is stronger than ever. 9. David Snow, personal communication, 2011. 10. E. Bradley Beacham and Stephen R. Durand, “Eggshell and the Archaeological Record: New Insights into Turkey Husbandry in the American Southwest,” Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007): 1619–20. These findings are based upon the analysis of turkey eggshells from Salmon Ruins that date to the twelfth century AD. 11. Hernán Cortés, Hernán Cortés: Letters from Mexico, trans. and ed. Anthony Pagden (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986), 110. Sahagún describes four different ways of serving turkey meat at Aztec feasts. Bernadino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex, General History of Things of New Spain, trans. and ed. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research, 1950–1982), 8:37–39. 12. George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, The Rediscovery of New Mexico 1580–1594 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 83. 13. William W. Dunmire and Gail D. Tierney, Wild Plants of the Pueblo Province: Exploring Ancient and Enduring Uses (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995), 95–98, 155–57. William W. Dunmire and Gail D. Tierney, Wild Plants and Native Peoples of the Four Corners (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1997), 123–25, 194–96. 14. Yahya ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Awam, A Moorish Calendar from the Book of Agriculture of Ibn al-Awam, ed. Peter Lord, trans. Phillip Lord (Wantage, U.K.: Black Swan Press, 1979), 33. 15. Gabriel Alonso de Herrera, Ancient Agriculture: Roots and Application of Sustainable Farming. Comp. Juan Estevan Arellano in association with the National Hispanic Cultural Center (Santa Fe, NM: Ancient City Press, 2006), 50. Herrera’s book, Obra de Agricultura, was published in 1513. It presents an approach to working with the soil that is as effective today as it was when the book was published in Spain. Juan Estevan Arellano, whom I interviewed for the epilogue to this book, published the first English translation. Notes to pages 8–13 • 175 Chapter Two...