Calunga and the Legacy of an African Language in Brazil

Index

265 index Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. abolition of slavery, 36, 43, 47, 64; ignored by landowners, 50 acculturation, 49, 59, 65 adufe, 124 affricate sounds, 169 afochê, 124 Afonso IV (king of Portugal), 20 Africa: cultural influence of, 84; diaspora, 84, 89; ethnic groups, 118; etymology dictionaries of, 73; and language patterns, 166; three regions providing slaves to Brazil, 61 African languages, 53, 166; alterations due to slaves’ acquisition of Portuguese, 65; grammatical and semantic changes to lexical items of, 146; and linguistic influence, 89; maintenance of some form of, 119; need for more data, 198; and patterns, 166 Africanos no Brasil (de Senna), 71 Afro-Brazilian languages and culture, studies on, 64–69 Afro-Brazilian speech, 148; and language patterns, 166; and Portuguese slave trade, 8; and speech communities in Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Bahia, 149–64 Afro-Brazilian village, 68 Afro-Hispanic language: compared to Afro-Portuguese creoles, 97–98; grammatical peculiarities in, 88; in Latin America, 83–100; and pidgin, 95 Afro-Mineiro communities, 80, 120, 196–97 Afro-Paraguayans, 87 Afro-Portuguese creoles, 97–98 Afro-Portuguese pidgin, 87, 88, 90; evolved into a creole, 91 Afro-Yungueños, 87 aiêto, 124 Ainfluênciaafricananoportuguêsdo Brasil (Raimundo), 70 Akan (language), 13, 46, 55, 62, 63, 112; contributions to Spanish American dialect, 85 Alagoas, 64 Alcáçovas-Toledo (1479), Treaty of, 20, 29 Algarve, 38 Ambrósio quilombo, 117 Ambundu people, 25, 62 amera, 124 amparo, 124 amparo de conena, 124 amparo de cupia, 124 amparo de curiá(r), 124 amparo de cuzeca, 124 amparo de omenha, 124 Andalus, al- (region), 16, 17 Angola, 8, 45, 46, 63; 1.5 million Kikongo speakers in, 242n8; adoption of European culture, 29; central, 61; colonization by Bantu groups, 25; forty languages spoken in, 242n8; as major source of slaves, 46; Portuguese expansion index 266 into, 24; and shipment of slaves, 41, 62; white rule in, 28. See also Luanda Angolares: and “secret language,” 59 angora, 124 anti-creoles, 79–81, 117, 118, 190, 191; defined, 10; as imprecise term, 79; similarity to cryptolects, 79 Anzicos, 27 “aportuguesamento,” 72, 142, 147, 148. See also “Portuguesement” aprumado, 125 aprumá(r), 125 aprumá(r) banzo, 125 aprumá(r) curiá, 125 aprumá(r) cuzeca, 125 aprumá(r) mirante, 125 aprumá(r) mucota, 125 aprumá(r) omenha, 125 aprumá(r) omenha do ganzipe, 125 Aragón: as Christian dominion, 16 arangá, 125 Araxá, 112 Arguim Island, 39; fort established on, 22 ariranha, 125 Arte da língua de Angola (Dias), 62 Aspectos de presença do negro no triângulo mineiro/alto paranaíba: Kalunga (Batinga), 6 assungá(r), 125 Astrogildo, José, 124, 166, 182 atindundu, 125 atuá, 125 Azevedo, Milton, 78 Azores, 19, 53; and wheat exportation, 21 bacuri, 125 bacuri de calunga, 125 bacuri de cumba, 125 Bahia (language), 34, 35, 36, 62, 64, 72, 142, 146, 148, 149–64 Bahia (state), 48, 67, 110; independence movement in, 36 Bahian Heritage: An Ethnolinguistic StudyofAfricanInfluenceson Bahian Portuguese, A (Megenney), 65 Bahian Portuguese, 62, 65, 142, 247n5; five sociolinguistic levels of, 72 Bakongo, 40 Bakri, Abu Ubayd al-, 17 bambi, 125 bandeirantes, 34, 59, 111, 112, 113; defined, 10; motives for exploration, 110 banga, 125 Bantu (language), 25, 53, 55, 56, 65, 147, 148; and adjectives, 178; and Africanisms, 140; as “congoangola ,” 62; consonantal changes in, 174, 175; defined, 11; derivation of lexical items from, 120; and double negation, 77; and etymologies, 8; and evolution of Calunga, 118; folkloric terms traced to, 71; glides, 174; greatest language influence in Brazil, 62, 65; lexical items derived from, 120, 146; and “linguistic fossils,” 165; number of, 11; and prenasal stops, 170, 173; in quilombos, 64, 118; verbs derived from, 180 Bantu slaves: cultural elements of, 48; sent to Minas Gerais, 112 banzo, 125 Barbosa, Ruy, 50 Barros, Tadeu de, 50, 106 Bassani Moraes, Daniela: dialogue with Joaquim Luís, 6–8, 104, 167 Belém, 45 Benguela, 19, 33, 41, 45, 46, 62, 112, 131, 155, 164 berrida, 126, 143 Bight of Benin, 23, 40, 61 Bight of Biafra, 40 Black Death, 37 black mammy, 47 index 267 Black Spanish: none spoken in Latin America today, 85 Bleek, Wilhelm, 11 Bom Despacho, 67, 80, 120, 195, 196 Book of the Routes and Realms, The (al-Bakri), 17 bozal Spanish, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99...