Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage Resistance to the Christian Invasion, 1673-1906: A Cultural Victory

Notes

Notes Chapter 1 1. Rev. Nathaniel Dodge, “Osages: Extracts from a Letter of Mr. Dodge,dated Boudinot,Osage Nation,March 12,1832,”Missionary Herald 28 (September 1832): 290. 2. Gilbert J. Garraghan, S.J., The Jesuits of the Middle United States (New York: J. J. Little and Ives, n.d.; reprint, Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1983–84), 2:534. 3. See Colin G. Calloway, New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). 4. See Willard H. Rollings, The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992); and Gilbert C. Din and Abraham P. Nasatir, The Imperial Osages: Spanish-Indian Diplomacy in the Mississippi Valley (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983). 5. See Rollings, The Osage, 1–14, 95–212; Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, “From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History,” American Historical Review 104 (June 1999): 814ç41. 6. See Gary Clayton Anderson, The Indian Southwest, –: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999); Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, – (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975; reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981); Thomas W. Kavanagh, Comanche Political History: An Ethnohistorical Perspective, – (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996). 7. See Robert F. Berkhofer, Salvation and the Savage: An Analysis of Protestant Missions and American Indian Response, – (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1965). “The object of your Mission is not merely to improve the temporal state of the Indians, but to save their souls; not merely, therefore, to civilize, but also to christianize them.”Rev. Philip Milledoler,“Address, delivered to the Union Mission Family, in the Dutch Church in Nassau-street, on Monday evening, April 17, 1820,” American Missionary Register 1 (September 1820): 98. 191 8. See William W. Graves, The First Protestant Osage Missions, – (Oswego, Kans.: Carpenter Press, 1949); see Father Paul Mary Ponziglione,“The Annals of the Mission of Saint Francis of Hieronymus, by the Fathers of the Society of the Jesuits Among the Indians of North America called the Osage,” Midwest Jesuit Archives, St. Louis, Missouri. I tend to agree with the sentiments of noted Borderlands scholar John Kessell, who wrote in his review of Cynthia Raddings’ Wandering Peoples that too many scholars are fooled by Jesuit propaganda (Ethnohistory 45 [fall 1998]: 817–19). 9. Col. T. L. McKenney, and other correspondents, “Second Mission Family,” American Missionary Register 1 (July 1820): 29–33. 10.“A call to come over for their help, like that from Macedonia to the apostle, has since reached us from another tribe of our savages, still more remote in the American desert, and we are pledged, through the organ of our Society, to send them relief.” Philip Milledoler, Alexr. Proudfit, and Gardiner Spring, “Postscript: United Foreign Missionary Society, Second Mission Family,”American Missionary Register 1 (December 1820): 238; Rev. Dr. Milledoler, Mr. Z. Lewis, and William Wilson, “Fourth Report of the United Foreign Missionary Society,” American Missionary Register 1 (May 1821): 420–21. 11. Mr. Jones to the Editor of the Recorder, “United Foreign Missionary Society: Home Proceedings,” American Missionary Register 2 (December 1821): 225–26; Rev. Dr. Milledoler and Mr. Z. Lewis, “Reports of Societies: Fifth Report of the United Foreign Missionary Society,Union Mission,” American Missionary Register 2 (June 1822): 471. 12. Board of Managers of the United Foreign Missionary Society, “Instructions to the Members of the Mission Family, Designated for the Harmony Station, Among the Great Osages of the Missouri,” American Missionary Register 1 (February 1821): 325; Mr. Sprague, “[Letter] to his Brother in Brooklyn,”American Missionary Register 2 (January 1822): 275. 13. William Clark, “Papers Relating to Benton Pixley,” February 18, 1829, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, –, Osage Agency 1824–1880,Record Group 75,M234 (Washington,D.C.: National Archives, 1958); Graves, Osage Missions, 192–93. 14. Rev. John Rothensteiner, “Early Missionary Efforts among the Indians in the Diocese of St. Louis,” St. Louis Catholic Historical Review 2 (April–July 1920): 66. 15. Rothensteiner, “Early Missionary Efforts,” 66; Garraghan, Jesuits of the Middle United States, 1:180–81. 16. Rothensteiner, “Early Missionary Efforts,” 71. 17. Ibid., 72. 192 ❙ Notes to pages 7–11 18. Ibid., 73. 19. Ibid., 86. 20. Garraghan, Jesuits of the Middle United...