Notes
291| introDUCtion 1. Many of the cyberpunk writers have lived in the north American West—texas for Sterling, British Columbia for Gibson, Washington for Stephenson, oregon for John Shirley, and California for Rudy Rucker. 2. William Gibson, in edo Van Belkom, Northern Dreamers: Interviews with Famous Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Writers (Kingston, ontario: Quarry Press, 1998), 89. 3. William Gibson, Virtual Light (new York: Bantam Spectra, 1994), 25, 62–63. 4. William Gilpin, The Mission of the North American People: Geographical, Social and Political (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1874), 69, 77, 89, 108, 119–20, 127. 5. Geographers will see that my concept of centrality draws on James Vance’s idea of “mercantile cities” and A. F. Burghardt’s idea of “gateway cities,” both of which emphasize the role of cities as organizers of extensive and often long-distance trading hinterlands and the role of city leaders in creating the necessary physical and commercial connections. At the same time, it also draws on the ideas of central place theory, which argues that nested trading areas naturally coalesce around a hierarchy of towns and cities. nineteenth-century city builders were happy to conflate the two forms of centrality in arguing the advantages of their cities, and most important urban centers functioned in both ways. See James Vance, The Merchant’s World: The Geography of Wholesaling (englewood Cliffs, nJ: PrenticeHall , 1970); A. F. Burghardt, “A Hypothesis about Gateway Cities,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61 (1971): 269–85; and William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (new York: norton, 1991). 6. Linda W. Slaughter, The New Northwest: A Pamphlet Stating Briefly the Advantages of Bismarck and Vicinity, Soil, Timber, Climate Settlements, Business &c., &c. (Bismarck: Burleigh County Pioneers’ Association, 1874), 12. 7. Boise City Board of trade, Boise City and Southwestern Idaho: Resources, Progress, and Prospects (Boise: Boise City Board of trade, 1887–88). 8. Katherine Morrissey, Mental Territories: Mapping the Inland Empire (ithaca, nY: Cornell University Press, 1997). 9. General Directory of Fresno County, California, for 1881 (Fresno: the Fresno Republican, 1881), 70; Memorial and Biographical History of the Counties of Fresno, Tulare, and Kern, California (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1890?), 107; notes 292 | notes 8–13 Imperial Fresno: Resources, Industries and Scenery Illustrated and Described. A Souvenir of the Fresno Republican (Fresno: the Fresno Republican Publishing Co., 1897), 44; Fresno County Chamber of Commerce, Fruitful Fresno: The Superlative County of California (Fresno: Fresno County Chamber of Commerce, 1917). 10. Slaughter, The New Northwest, 21. 11. Roderick D. McKenzie, “the Concept of Dominance and World-organization,” American Journal of Sociology 33 (July 1927): 39. 12. Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (new York: Baker and taylor, 1891), 39. 13. H.H.Bancroft,TheNewPacific(newYork:Bancroft,1899);neilMorgan,Westward Tilt:TheAmericanWestToday(newYork:RandomHouse,1963);earlPomeroy,The Pacific Slope (new York: Knopf, 1965); thomas Bender, A Nation among Nations: America’s Place in World History (new York: Hill and Wang, 2006). 14. in the early twentieth century, the U.S. Census began to develop a new “metropolitan ” category to describe large cities and their closely associated suburban communities . the Census Bureau has tinkered with the criteria over the decades, but the basic concept has remained the same: large cities and their commuter zones. they have been called Metropolitan Districts from 1910 to 1940, Standard Metropolitan Areas in 1950, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas from 1960 to 1980, and Metropolitan Statistical Areas or Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 1990 and 2000. Canada in 1951 introduced the label “Census Metropolitan Area” for a comparable but more tightly drawn category defined as “the main labour market area of a continuous built up area having 100,000 or more population.” 15. the Canadian West as a whole accounts for 30 percent of the national population. 16. the ontario CMAs of toronto, Windsor, and oshawa were close behind. 17. For 2001–5, the organization Science Watch ranked U.S. universities based on the number of high-impact papers published in twenty-one fields of science and social science. Half of the top twelve were western institutions (Stanford, the University of California [UC]–Berkeley, UC–San Diego, UC–San Francisco, Cal tech, and the University of Washington). See Science 314 (november 11, 2006): 901. 18. the United States shifted from 46 percent urban to 51 percent between 1910 and 1920. Canada shifted from 49 percent urban in 1921 to 54 percent in 1931. Scholarship that disagrees with this effort to trace commonalities among...
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