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251 Notes Introduction 1. John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, 2 vols. (London: J. M. Dent, 1927), 2:193; Peter Ackroyd, Dickens (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1990), 856; Michael Slater , Charles Dickens: [A Life Defined by Writing] (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 147. 2. Charles Dickens to Rev. David Macrae, 1861, The Pilgrim Edition Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. Madeline House, Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson, 12 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1965–2002), 9:557. 3. J. W. Saunders, The Profession of English Letters (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964), 202; Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, 1:83; Robert L. Patten,“Publishing in Parts,”in Palgrave Advances in Charles Dickens Studies, ed. John Bowen and Robert L. Patten (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2006), 31. 4. David Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 96–97; George H. Ford, Dickens and His Readers: Aspects of Novel-Criticism since 1836 (New York: Gordian Press, 1974), 78. 5. Ford reports that The Times, considering itself the“guardian of public taste,”used phrases like “intrinsically puerile and stupid” and “a twaddling manifestation of silliness ”for Dickens’s works (Dickens and His Readers, 53). Also, Dickens writes to Forster that Blackwood’s Magazine has informed him that Little Dorrit is “Twaddle.” (Charles Dickens to John Forster, ?5 April 1857, Pilgrim Edition Letters, 8:309). Lewes criticizes Dickens’s characters as child’s play—wooden horses that run on wheels (Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens 2:269). The Trollope comment is reported in Earle Davis, The Flint and the Flame: The Artistry of Charles Dickens (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1963), 12. 6. David Vincent, “Dickens’s Reading Public,” in Palgrave Advances in Charles Dickens Studies, ed. John Bowen and Robert L. Patten. (For Vincent’s litany of the social, economic , and educational changes that benefited the sale of Dickens’s works, see 177–91.) 7. For further information on the lending libraries and the 1850 Ewart Act that provided free public libraries, see Kate Flint,“The Victorian Novel and Its Readers,” in The Cambridge Companion to the Victorian Novel, ed. Deirdre David (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 21. 252 Notes to Pages 4–10 8. Patten,“Publishing in Parts,” 28. 9. Gwen Watkins, Dickens in Search of Himself: Recurrent Themes and Characters in the Work of Charles Dickens (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble, 1987), 120, 136; Ruth Tross, “Dickens and the Crime of Literacy,” Dickens Quarterly 21, no. 4 (2004): 242. 10. Dickens to Rev. David Macrae, Pilgrim Edition Letters, 9:556. 11. Kate Flint, Dickens (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1986), 11, 12. 12. Patten, “Publishing in Parts,” 24; John Bowen, Other Dickens: Pickwick to Chuzzlewit (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 1. 13. Gerald Parsons, ed. Religion in Victorian England, 4 vols. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 1:11. 14. Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present in Centenary Edition of the Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes, ed. H. T. Traill (New York: AMS Press), 10:137; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, In Memoriam A. H. H., lines 1–4, in The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Christopher Ricks (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1969), 861; Robert Browning, “Caliban upon Setebos; or, Natural Theology in the Island,” lines 56, 110, in Robert Browning; The Poems, ed. John Pettigrew, 2 vols. (London: Penguin Books, 1981), 1:806, 807; Matthew Arnold, “Preface,” God and the Bible: A Review of Objections to “Literature and Dogma” in The Works of Matthew Arnold in Fifteen Volumes (New York: AMS Press, 1970), 8:xii. 15. Ralph Waldo Emerson,“English Traits and Lectures and Biographical Sketches,” in Essays and Lectures, ed. Joel Porte (New York: Viking, 1983), 886–90; Charles Kingsley , Yeast (New York: The Co-operative Publication Society, 1899), 313. 16. Charles Dickens, “The Sunday Screw,” in “The Amusements of the People” and Other Papers: Reports, Essays and Reviews 1834–51, ed. Michael Slater (London: J. M. Dent, 1996), 256. 17. Charles Dickens, “City of London Churches,” in “The Uncommercial Traveller” and Other Papers 1859–70, eds. Michael Slater and John Drew (London: J. M. Dent, 2000), 116. 18. G. Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian England (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), 153. 19. Charles Dickens to Miss Burdett Coutts, 17 May 1849, Pilgrim Edition Letters, 5:541. 20. Parsons, Religion in Victorian England, 1:40–41. For Dickens’s response to Essays and Reviews, see his letter to W. W. F. De Cerjat (28 May 1863, Pilgrim Edition Letters, 10:252–53...

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