General Lewis B. Hershey and Conscientious Objection during World War II

Index

Index´ ´ ´ ´ 197 Addams, Jane, 41 Alcatraz Island, 45 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 44, 50, 65, 67, 69, 71–73 American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), 44, 56, 61, 84, 85, 87, 109–10, 116, 131, 149, 157 American Legion, 107, 108, 115, 126, 135–37, 142, 145 American Peace Society, 33 American Red Cross, 44 American Revolution, 31; objection to service in, 31–32 Amish, 54 Amman, Jacob, 52, 54 Anabaptism, 45, 57, 58; history of, 52–53 Angola, Indiana, 21–22, 159 Arends, Leslie, 140 Arlington National Cemetery, 159 Army Emergency Increase—1917. See Selective Service Act—1917 Baker, Newton, 40–43 Baldwin, Roger, 69 Baptists, 30 Beale, Howard, 67, 69–70 Beissel, Conrad, 58 Bell, J. Franklin, 43 Bill of Rights, 32 Bluffton College, Ohio, 59 Brethren, Church of the, 51, 55, 60, 61, 73, 84, 107, 110, 144–45, 149, 150–51, 157; history and beliefs of, 57–59; history of objection and, 30, 31–32, 34, 37. See also Historic Peace Churches Brethren Service Committee, 85, 87 British system of conscription, 81 Budget Bureau, 140 Burke, Edward R., 63, 64, 68 Burke-Wadsworth Bill. See Selective Service Act—1940 Byrnes, James, 144 Calvin, John, 52 Campbell, John, 38 Camp Funston, Kansas, 43, 46 Camp Operations Division—Selective Service, 93, 97–98, 128, 131; establishment of, 92 Camp Upton, New York, 43 Case, Clarence, 153 Center for Conscience and War. See National Service Board for Religious Objectors (NSBRO) Charles II, 56 Chicago Conference on Social Action, 114–15 Christian pacifism, 51, 59 Church of the Brethren. See Brethren, Church of the Citizen soldier, 4, 10–13, 27, 164 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 83, 85, 88, 121 Civilian Public Service (CPS), 2, 3–4, 5, 198 Index 82, 94, 125, 161–65; administrative structure of, 97; agriculture units and, 8, 101, 103–6; calls for elimination of, 126–28; CPS Training Corps and, 101, 129–32, 164; criticisms of, 73, 103, 106; dependency and, 124; early programs in, 91–94; establishment of, 86–88; expansion of, 102–3; extension of, 98; forestry work and, 8; guinea pig units and, 8–9, 101, 128; Hershey’s view of, 148–49; length of service in, 96; mental hospital units and, 9–10, 101, 106–9, 121; point system and, 135–39; population of, 10, 145; public opinion and, 102–9; resistance to, 108–9, 111–17, 151–53, 178 n59; Roosevelt’s early rejection of, 88; small-scale projects and, 10; soil conservation and, 7; tensions over, 62, 96–97; timeline of, 10 Civil War, 34–37, 56, 162; objection to service in, 37–39 Clark, Grenville, 63–64 Clark, Thomas, 157 Coatsworth, J. T., 122, 126 Congress, 1, 3, 46, 49, 50, 88, 131–32, 135, 142, 144, 155, 163–64; CPS demobilization and, 137–41; interpretations of views towards conscientious objection and, 120–21 Continental Army, 31 Cox, James M., 89 Crespi, Leo, 153–54 Cromwell, Oliver, 12 Crowder, Enoch, 40 Davis, Jefferson, 34, 38, 173 n51 Dewey, Thomas, 108 Draft boards, 17–19, 49, 62, 71, 94, 95, 129, 149–50, 163; World War I problems and, 41–42. See also Hershey, Lewis Blaine; Selective Service Act—1940 Draft classifications, 7, 21, 49 Dykstra, Clarence, 25, 80–81, 86, 124; establishment of CPS and, 86–88, 91–92; resignation of, 92 Early, Stephen, 115 Eisenhower, Dwight, 144, 160 Elgin, Illinois, 107 Enrollment Act—1862, 35 Ephrata Cloister. See Beissel, Conrad Evans, Harold, 68, 82 Federal Council of Churches, 113 Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), 3, 50, 65, 69, 113, 114, 151–52 Flint, Indiana, 22 Fort Jay, New York, 45 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 45 Fox, George, 28, 55, 56 French and Indian War; objection to service in, 29–30 French, Paul Comly, 67, 82, 97, 103, 113, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 150; agriculture units and, 103–6; CPS Training Corps and, 129, 131–32; CO dependents and, 124; congressional testimony, 68, 70; establishment of CPS and, 86; establishment of NSBRO and, 83–85; fears draft board inconsistency, 72; mental hospital units and, 107–9; as possible replacement for Kosch, 98; relationship with Hershey, 110–11 Friends Committee on National Legislation, 155 Friends, Society of, 51, 58–60, 67–68, 70, 73, 83, 84, 109–10, 136, 145, 149; history and beliefs of, 55–57; history of objection and, 27–34, 37. See also Historic Peace Churches Friends War Problems Committee, 82–83 Fries, Amos A., 66–67 Frozen Fund (CPS), 106, 124, 180 n19 Furnas, Paul, 109...