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[First Page] [31], (1) Lines: 0 to 2 ——— -1.2pt Pg ——— Normal Pag PgEnds: TEX [31], (1) 1 University of Vienna I attended the University of Vienna, in the Faculty of Law, from 1919 to the completion of my doctorate in 1922. The atmosphere of the university at the time was determined by the breakdown of the Austro-Hungarian empire at the end of the First World War. By its composition, the university was still the university of the capital of the empire and reflected in its scholarship and the personal attitude of the professors this cosmopolitan atmosphere. At the time when I was a student, and throughout the 1920s, or rather until the effects of National Socialism made themselves felt in the early thirties, Vienna still had an enormous intellectual horizon and was leading in science internationally in a number of fields. First, there was Hans Kelsen’s Theory of Pure Law, represented by Kelsen himself and the growing number of younger men whom he had educated, especially Alfred von Verdross and Adolf Merkl. Second, there was the Austrian School of Marginal Utility. Eugen Böhm-Bawerk had already died, but Leopold von Wieser was still the grand old man who gave the principal course in economic theory. Among the younger economists there was Ludwig von Mises, famous because of his development of money theory. Joseph A. Schumpeter was in Graz at the time, but his work of course was studied. Among the further intellectual and spiritual components that would impress themselves on a young man at the time was the school of theoretical physics going back to Ernst Mach and represented at the time by Moritz Schlick. An important intellectual force in this circle was Ludwig Wittgenstein, less by his presence than by his work. There further must be mentioned the Austrian Institut für Geschichtsforschung, represented by Alfons Dopsch, who by that time had attained international 31 autobiographical reflections [32], (2) Lines: 23 ——— 5.0pt P ——— Normal P PgEnds: T [32], (2) fame through his work on the history of Carolingian economics. Among the younger men, there was the rising force of Otto Brunner, who later became famous by his theories of medieval feudalism.1 A further glory of the University of Vienna at the time was the history of art, represented by Max Dvořák and Josef Strzigowski. Dvořák had already died by the time I came to the university, but Strzigowski was active. I had courses with him in the history of Renaissance art; and what especially was attractive about him was his interest in Near Eastern art, of which his twovolume work about Armenia is a great document. At the same time there was flourishing in Vienna the Institut für Urgeschichte. More on the fringe so far as I am concerned were such famous institutions as the Institute for Byzantine Music under Egon Wellesz, with whom I later got acquainted. After the National Socialist takeover, Egon Wellesz went to Oxford. A further inevitable massive influence was represented by the psychologists. I took courses under Hermann Swoboda, who was very much addicted to the theory of rhythms of Ernst Kries; and he, in turn, was a close friend of Sigmund Freud. Into the psychology of Swoboda entered as a background his early friendship with Otto Weininger. The works of Otto Weininger were read by everybody at the time. The most important influence in psychology, of course, was given through the presence of Freud. I did not belong to the circle of Freud and never met him, but I knew quite a few of the younger men who had been trained by him. The most important at the time whom I knew was Heinz Hartmann, who later came to New York; Robert Waelder, who later established himself in Philadelphia ; and Kries, who later went to Australia. Now about the composition of the Law School. The great intellectual figures by whom the students were attracted at the time were Hans Kelsen, the lawyer and maker of the Austrian constitution, and Othmar Spann, the economist and sociologist who had developed a theory of universalism and had carried out a structural analysis of a people’s economy, going in its content far beyond the subject matter dealt with by the more restricted marginal utility theorists. The third figure who attracted students in masses was Carl Gruenberg, a stalwart of Social Democracy. In 1. Especially as published in Land und Herrschaft, 4th ed. (1959...

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