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129 Notes CHAPTER 1 THE CURIoUS PoLITICS oF CoLoNIzATIoN 1. John Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York: The Century Co., 1890), 6:355. 2. See “Eulogy on Henry Clay” and “Outline for Speech to the Colonization Society,” in Roy P. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 2:121–32, 298–99. 3. “Speech at Springfield, June 26, 1857” in Basler et al., eds., Collected Works, 2:121–32, 298–99, 409. 4. “Fourth Debate with Stephen A. Douglas at Charleston, Illinois,” in Basler et al., eds., Collected Works, 3:145–6. 5. Elisha O. Crosby and Charles A. Barker, Memoirs of Elisha O. Crosby, (San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, 1945), 87. 6. “Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1861,” in Basler et al., eds., Collected Works, 5:48. 7. James Mitchell to Lincoln, July 1 and July 3, 1862, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress. 8. “Appeal to the Border State Representatives to Favor Compensated Emancipation” and “Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation,” in Basler et al., eds., Collected Works, 5:317–19, 434. 9. See Paul J. Scheips, “Lincoln and the Chiriqui Colonization Project,” Journal of Negro History 37 (1952): 418–53; Charles A. Wesley, “Lincoln’s Plan for Colonizing Emancipated Negroes,” Journal of Negro History 6 (1919): 7–21; James D. Lockett, “Abraham Lincoln and Colonization: An Episode That Ends in Tragedy at L’Ile a Vache, Haiti, 1863–1864,” Journal of Black Studies 21 (1991): 428–44. 10. Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln: A History, 6:357. Henry J. Raymond, The Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln, (New York: Derby and Miller Publishers, 1865), 509. 11. Robert Penn Warren. The Legacy of the Civil War: Meditations on the Centennial. (New York: Random House, 1961), 59–60. 12. Allen Thorndike Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Publishing, 1886), 61. 13. John Niven, Gideon Welles: Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 570; Gideon Welles, “Administration of Abraham Lincoln,” Galaxy 24, no. 4 (1877). 14. Phillip Shaw Paludan, “Lincoln and Colonization: Policy or Propaganda?” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 25 (2004), 34. 15.MichaelVorenberg,“AbrahamLincolnandthePoliticsofBlackColonization,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 14 (1993), 42. For another example of this view see Matthew Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 95. 16. Eric Foner, Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World (New York: W.W. Norton, 2008), 161, 163. Stephen Oates and Mark E. Neely have similarly traced the transformation of Lincoln’s colonization policy to the Emancipation Proclamation. See Oates, With Malice toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 341–42; Neely, The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia (Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 83. 17. Foner, Our Lincoln, 165, 166. 18. Paludan, “Lincoln and Colonization,” 35–36; Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York: Da Capo Press, 1991), 193; Mark E. Neely, Jr. “Lincoln and Race,” in Brian Lamb and Susan Swain, eds., Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President (New York: Public Affairs, 2008), 211. 19. George M. Fredrickson, Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 110–11. 20. James M. McPherson, Ordeal By Fire: The CivilWar and Reconstruction (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1982), 277; Gabor Boritt, The Lincoln Enigma (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 13–14. 21. McPherson’s argument was made in a scathing review of Michael Lind’s recent biography, which interpreted Lincoln’s colonizationist statements as being sincere. See Lind What Lincoln Believed (New York: Doubleday, 2005). The review prompted a heated exchange of letters between Lind and McPherson in which the latter strongly reiterated the lullaby thesis. James M. McPherson, “What Did He Really Think about Race?” New York Review of Books, 54–55, March 29, 2007; McPherson, “Letters: Lincoln & Race,” New York Review of Books, 54–57, April 26, 2007. A recent essay by Mark E. Neely Jr. has questioned whether Lincoln’s August 14, 1862, colonization address was an intended palliative for emancipation, though this interpretation remains a minority viewpoint. See Neely, “Colonization and the Myth that Lincoln Prepared the People for Emancipation,” in William A. Blair and Karen Fisher Young, eds., Lincoln’s Proclamation: Emancipation Reconsidered (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 45–74. In contrast, Michael Burlingame recently attributed the 1862 push for colonization to congressional...