I Respectfully Dissent: A Biography of Edward H. Nakamura

Notes

157 noTes Chapter 1: Between Annexation and Pearl Harbor 1. Brief written history of Hideo Kitagawa, supplied by his son Stanley, date of writing unknown. 2. Although Ijuro Nakamura did not become a citizen as a result of his military service, he did so on May 19, 1960 after the 1952 change in the naturalization law. 3. Martha Nakamura, in one of several interviews, 2007 to 2009. She enjoyed a pleasant relationship with her father-in-law. 4. Franklin Odo, oral history interview with Nakamura, transcript p. 22, for No Sword to Bury, Japanese Americans in Hawai‘i during World War II (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003). 5. Odo, Nakamura oral history, 22. 6. Odo, Nakamura oral history, 22. 7. Martha Nakamura, interview; also Stanley Kitagawa, interview 2008. 8. For the best description of the 1920 strike, see Masayo Duus, The Japanese Conspiracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). 9. Odo, Nakamura oral history, 10. 10. Odo, Nakamura oral history, 9. 11. Odo, Nakamura oral history, 7. 12. Odo, Nakamura oral history, 13. 13. For a description of the Army warming to the possibilities of enlisting nisei in Hawaii, see Brian M. Linn, Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific 1902–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997). Chapter 2:The Transformative war 1. Odo, Nakamura oral history, 18. 2. Karleen Chinen, “Justice Edward Nakamura,” The Hawaii Herald, November 17, 1989, Honolulu, vol. 10, no. 22. 3. Odo, No Sword to Bury, 202. 4. On the 100th Battalion, see Masayo Duus, Unlikely Liberators (Honolulu : University of Hawai‘i Press, 1987). 5. For the Hawaii context of the mobilization see Tom Coffman, The Island Edge of America (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2003), 87–95; for FDR and Japanese Americans see Greg Robinson, By Order of the President (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001). 6. Initially the 100th Battalion was formed as a discrete unit, and later the 442nd Regimental Combat Team was formed, also as a discrete unit. The 100th was deployed in combat in late September 1943. The 442nd was deployed in July 1944 and united at the Anzio beachhead in Italy with what remained of 158 the 100th, which by then was decimated by horrible casualties. The Army, out of respect for the 100th, allowed it to retain its name but it was operationally subsumed in the new regiment, hence the designation 100th Battalion/ 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Subsequent references are to “the 442nd” or simply the 442. As artillery, Nakamura’s unit was a specialized part of the 442nd. 7. Within military vocabularies, the reference to guns, howitzers, and types of howitzers becomes highly complicated. This description relies on the unit history of the 522nd Field Artillery Battalion. 8. Details of organization and training can be found in Ted T. Tsukiyama (main author), Fire for Effect, A Unit History of the 522 Field Artillery Battalion (Honolulu: 442nd Veterans Club, 1998), referencing National Archives Record Group 407, Box 20036, Folders 1–6. 9. George Tanna and Katsugo Miho, joint interview, 2009. 10. Odo, Nakamura oral history, 24. 11. The question of who liberated Dachau is a subject of contention, compounded by the fact that in addition to the crematorium there were many subcamps. Chapter 3:what Is life’s Purpose? 1. Coffman, Island Edge of America, 110–112. 2. Odo, No Sword to Bury, 254–255. 3. James Kawashima, interview, 2009. He said that in their weekly lunches, Nakamura would frequently refer to the impact of Saunders and the high esteem in which he was held. 4. Quoting Liz Ahn Toupin in Mary Anne Raywid and Esther Kwon Arinaga, Allan Saunders, the Man and his Legacy (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2000), 8. 5. Quoting Marion Saunders in Raywid and Arinaga, Saunders, 170. 6. Friendship Circle, transcript of the Nakamura talk and question/answer period, introduced by Yoshiaki Fujitani, Bishop of the Honpa Hongwanji (Buddhist) Mission of Hawaii, December 12, 1991, p. 8. 7. Friendship Circle transcript, 8–9. 8. Friendship Circle transcript, 11. 9. Friendship Circle transcript, 11. 10. Conversation with Wendall Marumoto, a friend of Ching, 2009. 11. Chinen, “Justice Edward Nakamura.” 12. Friendship Circle transcript, 9. Chapter 4: A lawyer for workers 1. See Sanford Zalburg, A Spark Is Struck: Jack Hall and the ILWU (2nd Edition) (Honolulu: Watermark Publishing, 2007). Zalburg describes Jack Kawano and others organizing the docks and then the plantation fields, calling in the support of the International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) as it...