Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's Reforms

Notes

NOTES 299 INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF A NEW BUDDHISM 1. Taixu, “Wo de fojiao geming shibai shi” (The History of My Failed Buddhist Revolution), in Taixu dashi quanshu (The Complete Works of the Venerable Master Taixu), 20 vols. (Taipei, 1956), 19.57.8: 61–63 (hereafter cited as “CompleteWorks). In all citations to this work, which is organized by topic and type of material, the first number refers to the bian (volume), the second to the ce (book), and the third to the document number, followed by the page numbers after the colon. 2. Holmes Welch, The Buddhist Revival in China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968), 51, 269. 3. Joachim Wach, Types of Religious Experience: Christian and Non-Christian (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1951), 48–57. 4. See John Herman Randall, Jr., The Making of the Modern Mind (New York: Columbia University Press, 1926), and Joseph M. Kitagawa, “Primitive, Classical, and Modern Religions: A Perspective on Understanding the History of Religions,” in The History of Religions: Essays on the Problem of Understanding, ed. J. M. Kitagawa, with the collaboration of Mircea Eliade and Charles Long (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 39–65. 5. A portion of this chapter is taken from or paraphrases (with permission) Don A. Pittman, “TheVisionary andThe Ethical: Exploring an Approach to Comparative Religious Ethics,” Shenxue yu jiaohui (Theology and Church) 21/2 (Spring 1996): 269–279. 6. For a similarly broad definition of ethics,see RobinW.Lovin and Frank E.Reynolds , eds., Cosmogony and Ethical Order: New Studies in Comparative Ethics (Chicago: 300 NOTES TO PAGES 4–16 University of Chicago Press, 1985), 1–35. Consult also Morton White, What Is and What Ought to Be Done: An Essay on Ethics and Epistemology (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1981). 7. Frank R. Millican, “Tai Hsü and Modern Buddhism,” Chinese Recorder 54/6 ( June 1923): 327. CHAPTER 1: DEFENDING THE DHARMA IN A REVOLUTIONARY AGE 1. As Paul A. Cohen argues, many historical reconstructions of the late Qing period oversimplify developments by utilizing a “Western impact/Chinese response” framework without proper acknowledgment of internal elements of dynastic decline. See his article, “Ch’ing China: Confrontation with the West, 1850–1900,” in Modern East Asia: Essays in Interpretation, ed. James B. Crowley (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1970), 29–61. 2. Joseph R.Levenson,Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: ATrilogy,first combined edition,vol.1,The Problem of Intellectual Continuity (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1968), xxx. 3. On the tributary system and its ideological foundations, consult John K. Fairbank , The ChineseWorld Order:Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968). 4. The exception was Lord Macartney, sent by George III in 1793. See John K. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), 31. 5. Immanuel C.Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 133–134. 6. See Jerome B.Grieder,Intellectuals and the State in Modern China: A Narrative History (NewYork:The Free Press, 1981), 55. 7. Consult MaxWeber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans.Talcott Parsons (NewYork: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958). 8. See Paul A. Cohen, China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism, 1860–1870 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963). 9. Consult Elizabeth Perry, Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845–1945 (Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1980),and Franz H.Michael,in collaboration with Chung-li Chang, TheTaiping Rebellion: History and Documents, 3 vols. (Seattle : University of Washington Press, 1966). 10. See Mary Clabaugh Wright, The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: TheT’ungChih Restoration, 1862–1874 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1957). NOTES TO PAGES 16 –22 301 11. Consult Levenson, Confucian China and Its Modern Fate, 1: 59–78. 12. Consult Philip A. Kuhn, Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Militarization and Social Structure,1796–1864 (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1970), 189–225,and FrederickWakeman,Jr.,The Fall of Imperial China (NewYork:The Free Press, 1975), 163–172. 13. For a study of the reform, see Luke S. K. Kwong, A Mosaic of the Hundred Days: Personalities, Politics, and Ideas of 1898 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984). 14. Most historians have asserted that Cixi herself supported the Boxers. Consult, for example, Immanuel C.Y. Hsü, “Late Ch’ing Foreign Relations, 1866–1905,” in The Cambridge History of...