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advertisements, 14, 93, 103–105, 120, 124, 126–129, 216, 227n41, 228n69; and Chinese identity, 120–121; cigarettes, 37, 111, 116–120, 207–208; and courtesans , 75–76; of the distorting mirror, 1–2, 4, 7, 111; as fantasy, 104, 107, 127–130; female models in, 115–126; of films, 166; as a form of fetish, 127; and hypnosis, 196–197; and magic, 184–185, 190, 192, 204, 207–208; of Peking Opera, 162; and the woman consumer , 115; women’s images in, 27–28, 112–113, 119. See also consumerism; desires; haipai jingju; identification advertising, 14, 126; in China, 1, 103–104, 107, 111, 124, 126, 216; culture, 105, 110, 112; and myth, 104; and photography, 92–93; and realism, 47; and reality, 126; strategies, 37, 110–111, 115, 120–121. See also calendar posters; dan tableau photo culture agency, 15, 21–22, 86, 95, 101, 103, 134, 146, 188, 211; as articulated in the Birmingham School, 103; courtesan’s, 78; female, 74, 103. See also courtesans; cross-dressing; dan performers Anderson, Marston, 46 Aristotle, 47 Armstrong, Nancy, 70, 188, 203 Atkinson, Diane, 107 Avalokiteśvara. See Guanyin Ba Jin, 91 Bao Tianxiao, 39, 41 Barthes, Roland, 20, 47–48, 70, 97, 104, 215, 219n57, 226n4 Baudrillard, Jean, 104, 226n4 Bazin, André, 65 Benjamin, Walter, 101, 129, 177, 185, 206, 214 Berger, John, 2–4, 6, 113 Birmingham School, 21, 103. See also agency Blau, Herbert, 162 body, 34; and dan performers, 96, 98– 99; female, 29, 68, 104, 112–113; male, 194–195; and modernity, 129–130; traditional Chinese ideas about the, 185 bourgeoisie, 74; and consumption, 14; and prostitution, 78–79 Bray, Francesca, 141 Brewster, Ben, 145 Buck-Morss, Susan, 129, 206 Burnett, Ron, 6 Butler, Judith, 129 Cahill, James, 35 Cai Yuanpei, 46, 235n29 calendar posters, 110–111, 121, 123, 227n40, 228n55 capitalism, 15, 20, 65, 129, 214. See also magic Camera Lucida. See Barthes, Roland Carter, Erica, 107 Cartwright, Lisa, 200 Castle, Terry, 185 Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 34, 209–210 Chanan, Michael, 145 Châteauvert, Jean, 180 Chen Duxiu, 17, 160 Chen Pingyuan, 41 Chow, Rey, 11, 18, 212 cinema, 6–7, 16, 165, 172, 177, 182–183, 217n13; Benjamin’s work on, 177; i n d e x 274 Index Chinese, 147, 165–166; and darkness, 174–178, 182; Kracauer’s work on, 177; and noise, 180; and representation, 177; and the traditional entertainment culture, 28. See also modernity; realism ; reception; representation cinema of attraction theory, 177, 233n1 Cixi the Empress, 71, 103; and photography ; 81–84, 86–88, 101, 103. See also cross-dressing Clark, T. J., 43 Clarke, Eric, 142 class hierarchy, 85, 143 Cochran, Sherman, 110 colonialism: and modernity, 15; and magic, 188 commercialization, China’s, 43, 109 commodification, of culture, 17–18, 115, 136; of the dan body, 93, 97; of magic, 203, 207. See also dan performers commodity, 22–23, 214; and advertisements , 104, 107, 113, 123, 127; in China, 74, 90, 93; the courtesan as a form of, 76, 80; culture, 40, 93, 102, 204, 206; fetishism, 93; industries, 43; objectification of, 121. See also courtesans; dan tableau photo culture consumer culture, 14, 37, 76, 78, 79, 80, 91, 93, 96, 101, 107, 110, 113, 171, 180, 197, 228n56; and female nudity, 123; and female tastes, 195; and magic, 203–204, 207; and Peking Opera, 144. See also courtesans; dan tableau photo culture consumerism, 13, 20, 47, 121, 125, 214; and advertisements, 104, 112, 120, 123–127, 208; and courtesans, 78; and women, 104–105, 109, 123, 129, 130 consumption, 4, 11, 13, 26, 42, 81, 103, 152; and courtesans, 76–78, 79; and fantasy, 128–129; and modernity, 213– 214; and spectacularity, 206–207. See also consumerism; photography Cook, James, W., 202 courtesans, 27, 71, 75, 80–81, 90, 102; culture, 74–75, 77, 80, 89–90, 124; female, 104–105, 107, 128–129; and lithography, 77–78; and modernity, 79; and photography, 75–76, 79–81, 87, 92, 101; and theatre, 141. See also advertisements; cross-dressing; dan tableau photo culture; fashion; prostitution ; representation Crary, Jonathan, 6, 14, 70, 173, 196 cross-dressing: and agency, 83; and Cixi, 81–83; and courtesans, 77–78, 83; Hu’s work on, 83; in late Qing Shanghai , 83; and women of the upper classes, 84. See also dan performers; photography cultural commodities, 39 Dai, Jinhua, 3–4 Damisch, Hubert, 81 dan performance, 88, 90–91, 225n70; and photography, 85, 88, 98, 101 dan performers, 71, 89–90, 93, 101, 103...

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