The Best Course Available: A Personal Account of the Secret U.S.-Japan Okinawa Reversion Negotiations

Notes

Editor’s Introduction 1. John Swenson-Wright, “Unequal Allies: United States Security and Alliance Policy towards Japan, 1945–1960,” Ph.D. dissertation, St. Antony’s College, Oxford University. Publication forthcoming, Stanford University Press, 2002. 2. For a valuable and richly detailed account of the contemporary issue, see Funabashi Yoichi, Alliance Adrift (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1999). 3. Funabashi, pp. 131–132. 4. See, for example, Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979). 5. Consider, for example, the role of Okamoto Yukio, formerly a member of the Gaimushò but in 1996 an influential private citizen and head of an important consulting firm specializing in politics and international matters. See Funabashi , pp. 181–183. 6. Edwin O. Reischauer, My Life between Japan and America (New York: Harper and Row, 1986), pp. 250–251, 346–347. 7. “JCP ’60s Paper Shows N-Arms Permitted to Enter Japan,” Yomiuri shinbun , April 15, 2000, p. 2. 8. “Visit of Prime Minister Satò, Background Paper, January 7, 1965.” I am Notes indebted to Jeff Moag and Eric Gundersen of the National Security News Service in Washington, D.C., for providing me with this and other documentation relating to Satò’s 1965 visit to the United States. 9. Office of Intelligence Research, “The Relationship of Japan to Nuclear Weapons and Warfare,” Department of State Intelligence Report, No. 7466; National Archives, College Park, Washington, D.C.; cited in Swenson-Wright, “Unequal Allies.” 10. The Japanese version of the memoir cites extensively, for example, from the writings of well-connected Japanese journalists, government officials, and politicians, such as Tògò Fumihiko, Kusuda Minoru, and Senda Hayashi. 11. Wakaizumi was also closely connected to a number of prominent Japanese individuals actively involved in advancing the case for territorial reversion. Most notable of these was Suetsugu Ichirò. President of the Japan Youth Association and a member of the Southern Compatriots Support Committee (Nanpò Dòhò Engokai), Suetsugu was a vigorous campaigner, traveling to the United States in 1966 and 1967 to lobby U.S. policymakers. Wakaizumi and he had been friends since their time as undergraduates, and Wakaizumi assisted him in planning his second visit to America. 12. Wakaizumi’s friendship with Halperin was particularly close and was important in explaining the access he had to key decisionmakers in Washington. The two men remained in touch long after reversion was achieved in 1972. 13. Miki was deliberately sidelined by the prime minister during the November summit, prompting his eventual resignation from the Satò cabinet. 14. See Senda Hisashi, Satò naikaku kaisò [Reflections on the Satò cabinet] (Tokyo: Chûò Kòronsha, 1987). 15. The English-language edition of the memoir is a much abbreviated version of the original Japanese. In the interests of providing a sharply focused account and in order to exclude material of arguably limited interest to a nonJapanese audience, the text has been shortened by approximately one-third. Preface to the English-Language Edition 1. Its botanical name is Epiphyllum oxypetalum. Acknowledgments 1. [Virtually immediately after the ending of the Sino-Japanese War (signified by the signing of the Shimonoseki Treaty), France, Germany, and Russia (three of the traditional great powers of nineteenth-century diplomacy) intervened in the settlement, forcing Japan to return to China the Liaotung Peninsula , which it had captured as a result of the war. Ed.] 2. Mutsu Munemitsu, Kenkenroku: A Diplomatic Record of the Sino-Japanese War, 1894–95, edited and translated by Gordon M. Berger (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 254. The work was completed on New 338 Notes to Pages 9–28 Year’s Eve, 1895 (Meiji 28), and first printed by the Foreign Ministry in 1896. However, because of the sensitive and secret diplomatic issues with which it dealt, the account was not made public until 1929, a period of thirty-three years. 3. There are several variations of this sentence in the original Japanese, but the title of this book is based on manuscripts housed in the National Diet Library. Chapter 1:The Transition to the Nixon Administration 1. Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), p. 357. 2. I. M. Destler, Haruhiro Fukui, and Hideo Satò, The Textile Wrangle: Conflict in Japanese-American Relations, 1969–1971 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979), p. 66. 3. See Yara Chòbyò, Yara Chòbyò kaisòroku [The memoirs of Yara Chòbyò] (Tokyo: Asahi...