The Architecture of Life and Death in Borneo

Index

201 INDEX Page numbers in boldface refer to illustrations. abandonment: of above-ground mortuary structures, 44, 181, 185n. 28; of longhouses, 11, 30, 129–142, 169 (see also Bidayuh ; Christianity; forests and building practices; Kayan; Kenyah; Melanau) adat (customary law and traditional ritual beliefs and practices ), 50, 68, 71–72, 77, 95, 130, 135, 191n. 13 adz, adz-axe, 24–26, 24, 25, 26, 81–82, 83 afterlife, 10, 89. See also land of the dead Alexander, Jennifer, 190n. 46 alignment (ritual): of longhouses, 73–77, 178nn. 49, 54; of posts and beams, 78 anthropology and ethnology (in the study of architecture in Borneo), 3–11 anthropomorphic motifs, 79–80, 80, 81, 86, 88, 92, 92, 96–99, 96, 98, 99, 105, 169 anti-longhouse attitudes and policies by governments, 139–141 anti-colonial attitudes, 179 anti-communist attitudes and longhouses, 8, 141 Aoheng (ethnic group in East Kalimantan), 77, 78 apartments (longhouse): description, 50, 51, 61–63, 62, 63; as households, 65–66; location of as an indication of status and leadership, 50, 70, 72, 72; number of as size of village, 52–53 Appell, George, 8, 66, 183n. 11, 185n. 24, 190n. 36 Appell-Warren, Laura, 190 nn. 32, 33, 36 ara (strangling fig tree), 22 archaeological sites, 179 architecture (concept), 151, 154 areca palm, 23 aristocrats (indigenous) and building practices and designs, 70, 71, 72, 76, 99–102, 104, 142, 143, 151, 158, 185n. 27 Armstrong, Rita, 189n. 50 art, artistry (indigenous), 11, 15, 21, 84–85, 95, 99, 100–102, 161–162; rock art, 179 artists (indigenous), 100, 102, 103–105, 103, 104 aso’, 86–90, 188n. 17. See also dragon; dog, dog-dragon attap daun (leaf roofing), 23. See also palm trees augur (Iban), 74; augury, 77–78 Austronesian, 2, 28, 35, 186n. 31; terms for house, 52 Avé, Jan, 69 axe, 24–25, 25, 81, 83 Bakun hydroelectric project, 138, 139, 151–152 balai (community hall), 35–38, 113, 138, 140, 169, 184n. 16 balance (as cultural principle of harmony, correct order), 72–73 Balui River longhouses (modernization of), 151–153, 152 bamboo (as building material), 2, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35, 35, 36–37, 46–48, 50, 56, 60, 69, 110, 114, 118, 124, 125, 143, 144, 147, 149, 164, 173, 176, 177, 190n. 11 bamboo shoot (motif), 86 bark (as building material), 2, 21, 27, 56, 69, 70, 122, 144, 147, 149, 160 baruk, 94, 113, 115–116, 115, 159, 164, 166, 174. See also men’s houses batang (as a term for river and for longhouse), 52 beadwork, 85, 89 belian (ironwood), 22, 24, 41, 118, 121, 132–133, 181 beliefs. See religious beliefs and practices beliung. See adz, adz-axe Benua’ (ethnic group in East Kalimantan), 2, 20, 86, 169 Berawan (ethnic group in Sarawak), 20, 38, 40, 42, 44, 69, 89–90, 100, 101, 146, 181, 185nn. 28, 31, 187n. 51 Bidayuh (ethnic group in Sarawak and West Kalimantan), 3, 7, 10, 33, 52, 53; abandonment of longhouses, 130, 131, 134, 135–136, 179; access to forests for building materials, 120–123, 123; adat (customary law) and longhouses, 72; apartments in longhouses, 61, 62, 62, 63; bridges, 35, 35; building practices and styles, 27, 30, 52, 56, 60, 61, 110–114, 111, 112, 114, 132; farm huts, farmhouses, and granaries, 32, 32, 34, 123–125, 124, 125, 126; location of villages, 20–21, 73, 112–113, 114–116, 115, 116, 189nn. 3, 9; men’s houses (see men’s houses; Bidayuh); modernization of longhouses, 143, 147; mortuary practices, 39–40; research among, 14–15; shift of villages to lowlands, 116–118, 117; single houses, 31, 50, 113, 118–120, 118, 120, 121; social organization, 66–69, 185n. 23, 186n. 31; temporary ritual structures, 46, 46. See also Geddes, William; government attitudes and policies Big Tree (motif), 7. See also Tree of Life birds: as motif (see hornbills); as omens, 74, 76, 86–87, 187n. 49; as symbols, 10, 88, 92 black. See colors bones, 39, 40, 90. See also mortuary practices and structures bori bak jourat (type of Bidayuh farmhouse), 125, 125 Boyle, Fred, 7 brassware, 33, 36, 68, 70, 90, 155, 160 bridges, 3, 5, 19, 22, 26, 33–35, 35 British colonial regime (post-Brooke), 137 Brooke colonial regime (in Sarawak, 1841–1941), 44, 55, 68, 75, 117, 132, 136–137, 162, 179, 189nn. 3, 8; Charles (second Raja of Sarawak), 137; James (first Raja of Sarawak), 12, 49, 51, 111; Vyner...