Sailors and Traders: A Maritime History of the Pacific Peoples

Index

index 253 abandonment of sailors: by Captain Fodger, 127; case of Ruatara, 127–128; the law, 127; occurrences , 76, 114, 126, 193; Stevenson’s account, 129 abuses: floggings, 86, 101, 126; forced to desert, 125–126; illegal hanging , 122, 131; reprisal concerns of governments, 133; theft of identities, 125; wage discrimination , 125–126 accidents at sea: categories, 118; induced to take risks, 120; modern hazards, 195; in whaling, 120–121 alcohol, 112, 194–196 allotments to dependents from sailors, 201 Anson, George, 38 Anuta (Polynesian outlier), sailors social behavior, 18 Aotearoa (New Zealand): exploration by Kupe, 8–9; Polynesian arrivals , 9, 23; return voyages and climate, 32; settlement names, 44; traditional vessels, 30; vessels of Europeans, 59; violence and armaments trade, 90–93. See also Maori arms race: attacks on ships for guns, 71, 96; guns by trade, 78, 80, 83, 96 art at sea, 112 astronomy (indigenous): Carolines, 34; Kiribati, 9; Tahiti, 9 Austral Islands, source of sandalwood, 81–82 Australian Maritime College (AMC), 177, 179 Australian Waterside Workers’ Federation, 200 Baintabu (navigator), 37 bakola (human flesh), 48 Banks, Joseph, 67, 68 beachcombers: as commercial agents, 91; as crimps, 105; as mercenaries , 78; their origins, 76; as traders 139 bêche de mer trade, 122 Binoka, Tem, 96, 157 birds: arrivals and island sustenance, 43; indicators of fish, 39; of land, 36; shipbuilding timber, 28; totemic species, 13 blackbirders: Pacific crewing, 107– 108; people stealing ships, 107 Bligh, William, 38, 39, 62 Boki (Governor), 88, 89 Bougainville, Louis de, 60, 61, 66 bubuti (Kiribati), obligations to share, 7 Bullen, Frank, 105, 111 Buyers, John, 80 254 Index Cakobau (King), 46, 47, 96 Cameron, Alister D., 154 Campbell, Telford, 146, 155 Campbell, William, 125 cannibalism at sea, 39; attitudes of Europeans, 67–68; on bakola raids, 48; on lifeboats, 39; in sealing , 121 canoes (oceanic): baurua, 30; drua, 28; kalia, 28; lakatoi, 30; pahi, 29; puka, 30; wa (generic name), 25; wa kaulua, 29; waka tana, 30; waka taua, 30 Cape Horn, 102, 116 capitalism into Pacific: different ethics, 97; environmental and social impacts, 98 captains: of foreign ships, 125, 129; functions, 33–34; of indigenous craft, 9, 44; as part owners, 77 Caroline Islands (Micronesia), navigators ’ skills and status, 34, 44 Carteret, Philip, 60, 61, 66 castaways: driven away in conflicts, 48; expelled from ships, 38; by famine, 47; reception on islands, 47, 48 ceremonies at sea: bonding of crew, 18; ducking chair, 18; King Neptune, 18, 112–113; old horse, 18 Chatfield, N., 144 China trade: Outer Eastern Passage from Australia, 76; tea cargoes, 76; cross Pacific from northwest America and Hawai‘i calls, 85; voyages of New Hazard in fur trade, 85–88 Chinese traders, in islands, 144, 166, 205 climate change: deterioration of climate curtailing voyaging, 32; environmental impacts, 57; favorable sailing periods, 32 coal, 141, 150–151 coastal hazards: lee shores, 41; reefs, 41–42 coconut oil trade, 76, 82 Collingwood, Cuthbert, 130 colonial shipping: curtailment of traditional trading, 146; reduced employment of island sailors, 146; trade unions against cheap labor, 148–149; White Australia Policy, 149 colonization: annexation by imperial powers, 140–141; early steamships , 141; flag preferences, 143; ports of entry and subsidies, 143; redistributing German territories, 150; small and remote islands suffer, 144 company shipping: establishing spheres of trade, 138–140; national lines cover Pacific, 141; technical improvements, 141–143 Comstock, Samuel, 132 conflicts: attacks by island people, 71, 91, 96, 121, 122; attacks on Pacific people, 60–61, 83, 91–93; wars between islands, 37, 45–48, 71, 81, 90, 96 convicts: employed as sailors, 103–104, 224n20; escape to islands, 76; stealing ships, 104; women convicts and crews, 102 Cook, James: attitudes to social complexities, 72; to deserters, 65–66; and the Maori, 59; to Pacific navigators, 37, 73; to taking possession of territories, 63–64; on trading values, 54; to venereal disease, 66, 74; voyages of, 62–63; on wars, 45–50; on women’s conditions, 69 Cook Islands (eastern Polynesia) own ships, 157–158, 181 Index 255 cooperatives and protocooperatives, 153–154 Copping, Edward, 121 crews (historic): bonding, 18; multiethnic , 117; multinational, 107; officer appointments, 109. See also seafarers recruitment (historical) Crowther, Dr. W. L., 123 currents (ocean), 12, 30; becalmed, 34; drifting, 39; hazardous, 146 Davis, Isaac, 84 death at sea (historical): ancient voyages, 12; British figures, 12, 118, 210n17; Hawaiian, 119; Nantucket, 12; opinion of medical officer, 118–119; sailors souls to Davy Jones...