Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan

Acknowledgments [Includes Timeline and Map]

I dedicate this book to two nurturing educators, Albert Craig of Harvard University and the late Kishi Toshio of Kyoto University. Craig introduced me to the world of American research on Japanese history; his command of the subject and ability to ask incisive and original questions have always inspired my own efforts. Kishi Toshio, the dean of Japanese historians on ancient Japan, taught me to search for the social and economic reality that lay behind the dry and often arcane laws and documents. In his later life this meant immersing himself in archaeology, an interest he sparked in me. I would like to thank the Japan Foundation for a generous grant to allow me to learn more about Japanese archaeology during 1991–1992. I am also grateful to Professor Kamata Motokazu of Kyoto University for extending his hospitality and to Satö Yasuhiro for reading wooden tablets and other texts with me. Tateno Kazumi served as my liaison with the Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute in Nara and Hashimoto Yoshinori in Asuka. I should also thank Sahara Makoto, Machida Akira, Nagashima Kimichika, Yoshida Takashi, Hayakawa Shöhachi, Yamanaka Akira, Shimizu Miki, Niiro Izumi, Walter Edwards, and numerous archaeologists who gave of their time. Special thanks go to Fujisawa Akiko and graduate students in the Department of Archaeology at Kyoto University. I should also like to thank Conrad Totman and Ted Kidder for reading a draft and making extensive comments; Gina Barnes for reading a shortened version of the chapter on Korea and pointing out many areas for improvement; two outside readers for the University of Hawai‘i Press for filling pages with interesting and valuable points, not all of which I could incorporate into this work; Doris Gove and Jane Farris for suggesting numerous revisions in style and presentation; Wendi Lee Arms for assistance with the illustrations; and Patricia Crosby and Masako Ikeda for editorial assistance at the University of Hawai‘i Press. The University of Tennessee generously provided funds to support publication. Any mistakes, of course, are the responsibility of the author. i x a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s Periods in East Asian Archaeology and History China Korea Japan Jömon Era 10,500 b.c. Bronze Age 1500 b.c. Zhou Dynasty 1122 b.c. Warring States Iron Age Yayoi Era 500 b.c. 400 b.c. 400–300 b.c. Qin Dynasty Lo-lang established 221 b.c. 100 b.c. End Later Han Dynasty a.d. 206 Wei Dynasty Yamatai and Himiko a.d. 221 a.d. 240–250 Tomb Era a.d. 250–300 Disunity a.d. 265 Three Kingdoms a.d. 300–668 a.d. 350 a.d. 450 a.d. 538 Introduction of Buddhism Sui Dynasty a.d. 589 a.d. 592 Beginning of Asuka century Tang Dynasty a.d. 645 Taika Coup a.d. 618 a.d. 663 Battle of Paekch’ŏn Unified Silla River a.d. 668 a.d. 694 Fujiwara established a.d. 702 Taihö Codes a.d. 710 Nara established a.d. 745 Return to Nara a.d. 784 Nagaoka a.d. 794 Heian a.d. 805 End of Construction Korean influence Key: Kinai: 1. Yamashiro 2. Yamato 3. Kawachi 4. Izumi 5. Settsu Tökaidö: 6. Iga 7. Ise 8. Shima 9. Owari 10. Mikawa 11. Tötömi 12. Suruga 13. Izu 14. Kai 15. Sagami 16. Musashi 17. Awa 18. Kazusa 19. Shimösa 20. Hitachi Tösandö: 21. Ömi 22. Mino 23. Hida 24. Shinano 25. Közuke 26. Shimotsuke 27. Mutsu 28. Dewa Hokurikudö: 29. Wakasa 30. Echizen 31. Kaga 32. Noto 33. Etchü 34. Echigo 35. Sado San’indö: 36. Tanba 37. Tango 38. Tajima 39. Inaba 40. Höki 41. Izumo 42. Iwami 43. Oki San’yödö: 44. Harima 45. Mimasaka 46. Bizen 47. Bitchü 48. Bingo 49. Aki 50. Suö 51. Nagato Nankaidö: 52. Kii 53. Awaji 54. Awa 55. Sanuki 56. Iyo 57. Tosa Saikaidö: 58. Chikuzen 59. Chikugo 60. Buzen 61. Bungo 62. Hizen 63. Higo 64. Hyüga 65. Ösumi 66. Satsuma Islands: 67. Iki 68. Tsushima A. Iwashiro B. Iwaki C. Suwa Map 1 Provinces and Circuits of Ancient Japan. Reproduced by permission of the publisher from William Wayne Farris, Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 24 (Cambridge: Harvard University, Council on East...