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Page numbers followed by ‘f’ refer to figures; ‘m’ to maps; ‘n’ to notes; and ‘t’ to tables. accountants (kurahito), 99, 215 “Account of the Wa” (Wajin den), 11–12, 13–14, 51–53; bronze mirrors mentioned , 43; burial practices, 13, 49; consistency with evidence of Yayoi era, 29–30, 34, 35–36, 49, 53; description of economy, 13, 21, 30–32, 34; description of society, 13, 21, 23–24, 26–28, 30, 40–41; Himiko’s burial, 47, 49; natural environment, 24–25; political organization , 40; references in The Chronicles of Japan, 15, 16, 20; scholarly debate over, 15–16, 17, 19, 20–23, 245n. 27; warfare and weapons, 29–30, 37, 41. See also Yamatai age differentiation, 28–29 agriculture: adoption in Japan, 6, 31–33, 80, 239; Chinese, 80, 82; descriptions in “Account of the Wa,” 13, 30–32; division of land, 105; draft animals, 80, 82; grains, 34; irrigation, 80, 82; rice, 6, 31–33, 34, 80, 82, 249n. 89; taxation, 216; tools, 32, 33, 50, 79–83; Yayoi era, 30–34 Akasome no Miyatsuko Tokotari, 229 Akasome Toyoshima, 229 Arai Hakuseki, 2, 15, 17, 204 Aratai no Atai Hirafu, 138, 139 archaeology, 2–4, 18; postwar, 3–4, 126; restrictions on excavating imperial tombs, 4. See also specific sites architecture. See building techniques; palaces; residences; temples aristocracy: allied families, 229; authority of, 215–216, 292n. 45; development in Yamato state, 7; economic bases, 226, 228; household organization, 224–229; ranks, 100–101, 109, 215–216, 224; residences , 163–164, 187; shadow ranks in bureaucracy, 212–215, 214t; titles and surnames, 7, 100, 215; tributes, 226 Ariyama Tomb (Osaka), 72 armor, 73, 74–77, 76f; cavalry, 77–78; cuirasses, 74–77, 260n. 51; helmets, 76; lamellar, 74, 76 arrowheads, 37, 73 artisans: immigrants, 72, 73, 84, 85, 92, 109, 118; ironworkers, 72, 73; stonecutters, 92; stoneware, 84, 85. See also craft organization Asahi (Aichi), 39 Aston, William, 149 Asuka: excavations, 127–129; palaces, 141, 146–148; roads, 144; temples, 147–148; Wa Capital, 135, 144–149; wooden tablets found in, 202, 207 Asuka century, 104, 105. See also law codes Asuka Kiyomihara Code, 104 Asuka Kiyomihara palace, 126 Asuka Okamoto Palace, 146–147 audience halls, 126, 153, 171, 172, 182f, 185; moved to new capital cities, 171, 175, 176, 183 Awa province, 218 axes, 71, 79, 80f Barnes, Gina, 25, 33, 40 be (craft units), 7, 101–102, 118, 205, 218 beads: glass, 96–97 bells: bronze, 31, 35, 96 belts, 95, 96, 266n. 122 Biography of Fujiwara no Muchimaro, 171–172 books, 98 Borgen, Robert, 213, 215 3 2 3 I n d e x Bronowski, Jacob, 37 bronze, 7, 35, 50 bronze bells, 31, 35, 96 bronze mirrors, 40, 42–46; distribution of, 44, 46; triangle-rimmed deity and beast, 18, 20, 21, 43–45 Buddhism, 102–104; introduction in Japan, 7, 92, 109, 118; temples, 103, 164–165 building techniques, 103; Chinese, 103; Korean, 103; native Japanese, 103; palaces, 157, 167; reuse of materials, 168, 171, 175, 176, 182–184, 189, 194–195; stone tombs, 91, 92 building tools, 79 bureaucracy: aristocratic households, 224–229; Chinese model, 209–210; hereditary ranks, 212–216; official evaluations and promotions, 210–212, 216, 291n. 37; ranks, 210, 211–216; salarymen , 211; shadow ranks, 212–215, 214t; shift workers, 211 burial customs: described in “Account of the Wa,” 13, 49; extended four cornered graves, 48; in Tomb Era, 55; in Yayoi era, 27, 28, 39–40, 41, 47, 48, 266n. 120. See also grave goods; keyhole-shaped tombs; tombs burial mounds (funkyü bo), 47–48 capital cities: absence of shrines and walls, 133; Chinese models, 124, 130, 132, 135, 154–155, 170, 197, 198; dual, 124, 150–151, 174, 184; excavations, 125–130; grid layouts , 132, 150, 154–157, 199; impact on natural environment, 190; imperial ideology expressed in, 200; in Kammu’s reign, 177–180, 183, 184–185, 187, 189, 194–195; Korean influences, 133, 139; labor supply, 189–190, 192–196; layouts, 130, 131f, 132, 150, 154–157, 198–199, 276n. 27; north-south orientation, 130, 132, 197; preservation of, 125; questions about, 4–5, 123–124; reuse of materials, 168, 171, 175, 176, 182–184, 189, 194–195; sanitation, 164; in Shömu’s reign, 158, 171, 174–175, 194; study of, 124–130, 196–197; in Temmu’s reign, 138, 149–151, 157, 158; Wa Capital, 135, 144–149. See also specific cities cavalry, 77–78 ceramics. See pottery; tiles Chang-an, 124...

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