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abandoned woman, 3, 6, 21, 34, 38, 40–41, 43–44, 46, 49–52. See also chaste woman, femininity, loyal minister Baihu tong, 13 Baiyu ting, 182 Ban Gu, 13 Bian er chai, 149, 235n. 33, 236n. 56 bushido (wushi dao), 202 Cahill, James, 217n. 1 Caigen tan, 190–191, 194 caizi (talented and romantic scholars), 7–9, 182, 195; femininity of, 135–137, 139–140, 175; masculinity of, 145, 155, 203, re-masculinization of, 157, 159, 181. See also haohan, sage, yingxiong caizi jiaren xiaoshuo (scholar-beauty fiction), 123–126, 155–158, 181 Cao Cao, 60, 70, 90–91, 94–95, 97–100 Cao Pi, 98 Cao Shuang, 100 Cao Zhi, 98 castration, 21–27, 36, 83, 121–122, 209n. 50, 210nn. 57, 59, 211n. 65, 212n. 79, 214n. 10, 223n. 21, 226n. 49, 231nn. 14, 15: and Xu Wei, 62–66, 71. See also eunuchs, feminization, shi, Sima Qian Cen Xiu, 156–157. See also Xue Yue Mei Chao Gai, 104–105, 108–109, 111 chaste woman, 1, 18, 31, 61, 73–78, 80–86, 99, 129, 144, 153. See also abandoned woman, chastity, loyal minister, loyalty, suicide chastity, 1–2, 4, 6, 63–65, 71–86, 96, 99–100, 119–120, 122–123, 125, 131, 144, 148, 156, 166. See also loyalty chen (minister or male subject), 6: and eunuchs, 35; interchangeability with qie (woman or concubine), 19, 33–34, 96. See also qie Chen Gong, 94 Chen Jinji, 244n. 14 Chen Jiru, 82, 191–192, 194–196 Chen Lang, 179, 181, 241n. 51 Chen Liang, 15, 160–161, 192, 246n. 37 Chen Que, 75–76, 121 Chen Shou, 89–90 Cheng Yaojin, 128–133: compared with Li Kui, 133 Cheng Yi, 34, 214n. 8 Chu Renhuo, 229n. 32 Ci Mulan, 66–71: dating of, 225n. 65. See also cross-dressing, Sisheng yuan Confucius, 14, 16, 18, 22–23, 26–27, 30, 33, 45, 71, 76, 81, 197, 206n. 8, 207nn. 11, 12, 209n. 52, 225n. 42, 249n. 11 cross-dressing, 3–5, 66–71, 125, 137, 149, 233n. 4, 236n. 46. See also female impersonator Cu hulu, 244n. 14 da zhangfu (a great man or true man), 17, 20, 36, 48, 80, 97, 101, 207n. 25, 227n. 8 Dai Zong, 109 Dangkou zhi, 242n. 59 Davis, Richard, 224n. 36 Diao Chan, 22, 93 Ding Yaokang, 190 Dingqing ren, 157 Dong Zhongshu, 19, 33 Dong Zhuo, 92–94 Dongfang shuo, 20 Dou Jiande, 123–124, 126 Dou Xianniang, 121, 124–125, 131 Du Qinyan, 140–146, 148, 153. See also cross-dressing, female impersonator, Mei Ziyu Duan Yucai, 13 Durrant, Stephen, 209n. 52, 211n. 70, 212n. 82, 213n. 95 279 Index eunuchs, 2, 22, 25, 121: in Ming politics, 34–37, 41, 43, 52; in San’guo yanyi, 91–92. See also castration ernü yingxiong (lovers and heroes), 157–158, 182: in Yesou puyan, 159–160, 180 Ernü yingxiong zhuan, 153, 157–158, 243n. 64, 245n. 25 effeminacy, 1, 7: and femininity, 148–152 Epstein, Maram, 238n. 9 Fan Zhongyan, 180 Fang Xiaoru, 38 female impersonator (actor), 82, 140–142, 144, 146, 148–149, 153–154. See also cross-dressing femininity, 2–5, 17–18, 20, 45–46: and artificiality , 49; definitions of, 2, 17, 49, 51, 99; and male beauty, 145; and suicide, 81 feminization, 1, 5, 79–82, 84: of Chinese men, 200–201. See also chen, muyou, shi, suicide Feng Menglong, 139 Fenghuang chi, 233n. 4 Furth, Charlotte, 3–4, 224n. 5, 245n. 27 Gan Ji, 135–138 geyan (aphoristic sayings), 186 Geyan lianbi, 189, 198 Gong Weizhai, 180 Gu Yanwu, 225n. 15 Guan Yu, 93, 95, 97–99, 101, 109, 139, 166, 228nn. 22, 24, 26, 234n. 10 Gui Youguang, 72–74, 85 Gui Zhuang, 74, 84–85 Guo Jie, 163 Guwangyan, 244n. 14 Hai Rui, 81, 245n. 25 Haishang hua liezhuan, 241n. 51 Han Xin, 27, 29, 115, 198, 212n. 87, 213n. 99 haohan (stalwarts, strong men, warriors, etc.), 7, 103–112: reconstruction of, 113–121; satire of, 126–134. See also Shuihu zhuan, Shuo Tang quanzhuan, Sui Tang yanyi, Suishi yiwen, yingxiong Haoqiu zhuan, 138, 164 He Tianhua, 138–139, 150. See also Huatu Yuan Hegel, Robert, 114, 119–120, 220n. 36, 230nn. 2, 10, 231nn. 13, 16, 232nn. 26, 29, 33 hero, see yingxiong homosexuality, 136, 145, 148–151, 153. See also effeminacy, male beauty homosocial, 2, 205n. 4 Hu Shi, 18, 208n. 27, 249n. 11 Hu Yinglin, 185 Hu Zongxian, 55–63, 65 Hua Guansuo zhuan, 94–95 Hua...

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