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Subject Index
- University of Hawai'i Press
- Chapter
- Additional Information
249 Subject Index abrupt verb forms: in conversation, 120; mixed with formal verb forms, 119–122; in the novel, 121–122; in television news, 55; in the uchi situation, 58, 60 adverbs, attitudinal, 2, 84–87, 116, 161; English counterparts of, 90–93; English “you know,” 90–93; examples of, 86. See also doose amae, 5, 33–36, 156; and avoidance of honorifics, 64; conditions for, 19; in conflict situation, 156; criticism of, 33; definition of, 33; etymology of, 33; and interactional style, 36; in Japan and America, 35; and relationality, 19; vocabulary associated with, 35 back channels: contexts for, 141–142; in conversation, 140–141; frequencies of, 142; functions of American, 150, 151; functions of Japanese, 142, 151; with head movements, 141; in intercultural discourse, 212–213; kinds of, 139. See also head movements; listener responses beautification honorifics, 63. See also honorifics Become-language, 6, 175, 194; contrast with Do-language, 176 Bonanza, 14; as countermyth, 14 boomerang effect, 64 chinjutsu, 192; definition of, 192. See also modality collaboration, 133, 156, 162, 166; strategies, 133. See also head movements; negotiation commentary questions, 207–208; expressing modal attitude, 208; in written Japanese, 208. See also questions commentary sentences: description of, 161; in newspaper columns, 161. See also kishoo -ten-ketsu conduit metaphor, 180–181 conflict, 1, 134, 162; and amae, 156; in discourse of television debate, 100, 102; and myth of harmony, 156–157, 162; ratification of, 156, 157, 162, 166; in the soto situation, 157; strategies used in, 157; in the uchi relationship, 156. See also swearing contexts, 6, 22, 33, 49, 56, 105, 108, 126, 132, 145, 162, 166, 183, 194, 219; of American back channels, 143–144; of American head movements, 150, 151; contextual cues, 165; and culture, 23; of Japanese back channels, 141–142; of Japanese head movements, 146, 159, 151; and language, 17; manipulation of, 64, 162; multiple, associated with self-quotation, 187; related to wakimae, 57; relationality as, 17; self in, 41. See also high-context; low-context conversation management, 145, 146, 152, 214; contrast between Japanese and American, 213–215; by listener responses, 144; by questioning, 207 cowboy, 9, 11–12, 26, 43, 221, 225; in contemporary America, 13; contrast with samurai, 10–12; cowboy-like negotiation style, 134. See also Bonanza da style, 55, 75. See also abrupt verb forms data, 48; notation used, 47–48 dependence: psychological, 43; social, 43 desu / masu form, 59, 64. See also formal verb forms 250 Subject Index Do-language, 175–176; contrast with Become-language, 176 donatory expressions. See giving and receiving verbs doose, 83, 84–86; contrast with “anyway,” 85–86; in the novel, 85–86. See also adverbs, attitudinal emotion, 22, 54, 94, 166, 194; emotional phrases, 54, 83, 86–87, 94, 194; expressed by adverbs, 83, 84–87; expressed by doose, 86; and interactional particles, 51, 87–88; in kayookyoku songs, 95–96; in modality, 192; passive sentences involving, 131; in traditional language studies, 183; and yo versus ne, 89–90. See also modality experiencer-speaker, 129, 132 extras, 103, 161; in English, 122–123; frequency in Japanese and English, 123– 124; in Japanese, 119; kinds of, 119–120 fashions of speaking, 2–3. See also SapirWhorf hypothesis feminine speech, 166; in American interaction , 76–78; characteristics of, in America, 20–21, 76–78; characteristics of, in Japan, 73–75; honorifics in, 63; particle use, 73– 74; reference to women, 74–75; use of, 72–74; young women’s speech, 81 formal verb forms, 59, 62, 102; desu / masu style, 54, 59; mixed with abrupt verb forms, 119–122; for noncommittal style, 64; for politeness, 60; in television news, 55; in the soto situation, 58, 60 gender: and American English, 20–21; and language use, 73–75. See also feminine speech; masculine speech giving and receiving verbs, 103, 124–125; contrast with English, 127–129; forms of, 125; in the novel, 127–129; related to action, 126–127 group, 13, 18, 25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 56; consensus, 19; and negotiation style, 137; group-oriented, 19, 29; theory, 29–30, 33. See also group model group model, 30, 31; Befu’s criticism of, 29–31; inadequacies of, 31. See also group Hagakure, 10, 15. See also samurai half-question, 79, 81; example of, 79. See also youth language haragei, 155 head movements, 47, 133, 166, 213; in American conversation, 149–150; as back channels, 141; as context for back channels , 142; contrast between Japanese and American, 151; in conversation, 146–149; functions...