Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan

Index

Index Abe Nobuyuki, general and prime minister, 26, 192 adapt, to Japan, 114–115, 120–121 adaptation, of foreign cultures, 137 Akamatsu Sadao, colonel, 68, 78, 194; biographical note, 214 n. 15; diary, 65; Tòjò’s private secretary, 50 amae, emotional dependency, 134– 136 Amaterasu Òmikami, 95, 96, 99, 183; benevolence, 109–110; guardian of cereals, 109–110. See also Sun Goddess America, 173, 175, 186; plan to eliminate in East Asia, 53; war with, 192. See also United States Analects, 104 ancient history, 112; and Confucian ethics, 184; importance of, 83; and Sugiura, 101–102 Andò Kisaburò, minister of interior, 207 Annual Imperial Navy Operations Plan, 18–19; 1936, 20–21; 1937, 21; 1938, 21–23; 1939, 24–25; 1940, 26–27; 1941, 28–29; chief aide-decamp , 19; distribution, 19; emperor, 18–19; imperial army and navy, 39 Araki Sadao, general, 264 n. 15 army: influence on emperor, 55; disagreement with navy, 21–23; preservation records, 33. See also emperor; Imperial Army Army Academy (Rikugun shikan gakkò), 63 army minister, compared to chief of staff, 74 Ashikaga Takauji, shogun, 67, 69, 73, 128, 198–199 Asia, expansion throughout, 121 atomic bomb, 191, 244–245 n. 64 Austro-Hungarian emperor, 123. See also Karl Bagehot, Walter, 93–94, 129, 130, 138 bakufu, 127 Basic Tactics Outline, 18 “being Japanese,” 121 benevolence, 214, 251 n. 79 Bismarck, Otto von, 125 282 • Index Britain, 126. See also Great Britain Buckle, Henry Thomas, 93 Buddhism, 107, 115, 135, 137 Buretsu, emperor, 124 bushi, 220. See also samurai stipends business, after war, 198 Chang Hsueh-liang, 173–174 Chang Tso-lin, 57, 64, 119; affair, 162–165, 260 n. 56 Chao Kao, 124 Chiang Kai-shek, 54, 200 Chichibu, imperial prince, 25, 189 China, 38, 39, 40, 49, 137, 181, 209, 211–213; Japan’s interests in, 64– 65; Japan as superior to, 104; in military plans, 21–23, 26, 29, 48– 49, 53; offensive plans of, 54; value of culture in, 114–115; war with, 21, 38, 121, 180, 192, 195; and West, 209 Chinda, Sutemi, 152–153, 164 Ch’in dynasty, second emperor, 124 Chinese world view, 211–213 Chòshû, 127; Satsuma rivalry, 150, 159–160 Christianity, 185, 220 “chrysanthemum curtain,” 202 Chung Yung (Doctrine of the Mean), 99, 209 Churchill, Winston, 200 citizenship (kokuminshugi), 120 civilian rule, 178 civil rights, 147 Clausewitz, Carl von, 81 Clemenceau, Georges, 76 color blindness, Nagako, 150 communism, 79, 160, 244–245 n. 64 Confucianism, 137, 211–213; foreign theories of, 91; investigated , 107–108, 111; Japanese people and, 107; Shiratori, Japanese blood, 104–105; value of, 105 Confucian morality, 90, 110 Confucian norms, cover power struggle, 117–118 Confucian relationships, 209 Confucius, 108, 120 consensus, decisions, 39–40, 185, 190; emperor guides, 194; military, 55, 191, 192–193, 201–202; private audiences, 201–202 constitution, 126; English model, 197; postwar, 198; Prussian-style, 197 constitutional government, 200; Europe and religion in, 149 constitutionalism, Hirohito, 192 constitutional limits of power, 189– 190 constitutional monarch, 163, 167, 168, 176–177, 180; Hirohito, 47, 82, 84, 132, 138, 147, 181, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190–191, 197, 199, 201–202; liberality of, 96; military plans of, 24; war decision of, 1 constitutional monarchist(s), 150; Makino, 147, 177–178 constitutional monarchy, 95, 129– 130, 138, 163, 165, 168, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 199, 201, 202; Hirohito and, 2, 50–51, 71, 107, 115, 128, 129–130, 255 n. 44; imperial mythology of, 130–132; in Japan, 16; Japanese-style, 128; Meiji Constitution and, 181–182, 184, 185, 186; Taishò and, 150– 151; Tòjò and, 73, 75; versus direct imperial rule, 2–3; war decision by, 31; war responsibility of, 17–18 constitutional theory, 180–181; German, 121; and Japanese folk, 180–181 control faction (tòseiha), 187, 189, 264 n. 15 control military, 74 court and state affairs, separation of, 148 Czernin, Ottokar, count, 122, 123– 125 Index • 283 Dainihonshi (Great history of Japan), 118 Darwin, Charles, 93, 94 dates, reliability in ancient history, 248–249 n. 45 decision for war, Hirohito’s, 194–195, 196, 199–202 decision making, 59, 196, 199–202; collective responsibility, 57; consensus, 7, 32; emperor’s role in, 1, 2, 6–7, 15, 82; Hirohito and, 28, 140; pluralistic, 51, 55–56; political , 165–167; prewar, 179; privatized , 167; process of, 22, 113, 185, 189–191...