Generals and Scholars: Military Rule in Medieval Korea

Notes

209 Abbreviations CK Chösen kinseki söran [Compilation of Korean epigraphy]. Vols. 1 and 2. Seoul: Governor General’s Office, 1933. HK Yi Nanyŏng. Hanguk kŭmsŏngmun ch’ubo [Additions to Korean epigraphy ]. Seoul: Chungang University Press, 1968. KMC Hong Sŭnggi. Koryŏ muin chŏnggwŏn yŏngu [A study of Koryŏ military rule], ed. Hong Sŭnggi. Seoul: Sŏgang University Press, 1995. KS Koryŏsa [History of Koryŏ]. Yŏnse edition. Seoul: Kyŏngin munhwasa, 1972. KSC Koryŏsa chŏryo [Essentials of Koryŏ history]. Hosa Bunko edition. Tokyo: Gakushuin, 1969. KT Hsu Ch’ing. Kao-li tu-ching [Report on Koryŏ]. Seoul: Asea Munhwasa, 1981. PH Yi Illo. P’ahan chip [ Jottings to break up idleness]. Koryŏ myŏnghyŏnjip. Seoul: Kyŏngin munhwasa, 1972. POH Ch’oe Cha. Pohan chip [Supplementary jottings in idleness]. Koryŏ myŏnghyo ̆njip. Seoul: Kyŏngin munhwasa, 1972. TMS Tong munsŏn [Selected writing from the East]. Seoul: Taehan kongnonsa, 1970. TYS No Sasin et al. Tongguk yŏji sŭngnam [Geographical survey of Korea]. Seoul: Kojŏn kugyŏk, 1964. YP Yi Chehyŏn. Yŏgong p’aesŏl [Scribblings of Old Man Oak]. Koryŏ myŏnghyo ̆njip. Seoul: Kyŏngin munhwasa, 1972. YS Yi Kyubo. Tongguk Yi sangguk chip [Collected works of Minister Yi of Korea]. Koryŏ myŏnghyŏnjip. Seoul: Kyŏngin munhwasa, 1972. Preface 1. See, for example, Koryŏsa chŏryo [Essentials of Koryŏ history], Hosa Bunko ed. (Tokyo: Gakushuin, 1969), 13:46a–47a, 14:8b. Historians often made comments in the annals. See also Koryŏsa [History of Koryŏ], Yŏnse edition (Seoul: NOTES 210 Notes to Pages viii–6 Kyŏngin munhwasa, 1972). For a brief critique of Koryŏ sources see also Martina Deuchler, The Confucian Transformation of Korea (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1992), pp. 29–32. 2. See Clarence N. Weems, ed., Hulbert’s History of Korea (New York: Hillary House, 1962), pp. 184–185 and 191, and Richard Rutt, ed., James Scarth Gale and His History of the Korean People (Seoul: Taewon, 1972), p. 201. Gale, like Hulbert, relied heavily on the fifteenth-century Tongguk t’onggam [Comprehensive mirror of the Eastern Kingdom]. 3. Hatada Takashi, History of Korea, trans. and ed. Warren W. Smith and Benjamin H. Hazard (Santa Barbara: ABC Clio, 1969), p. 51. 4. See Kim Sanggi, Koryŏ sidaesa [History of the Koryŏ period] (Seoul: Tongguk munhwasa, 1961); Yi Pyŏngdo, Hanguksa: Chungsep’yŏn [Korean history: Middle ages] (Seoul: Uryu munhwasa, 1961); and Yi Kibaek, Kuksa sillon [New history of Korea] (Seoul: T’aesŏngsa, 1961). 5. Pyŏn T’aesŏp, Koryŏ chŏngch’i chedosa yŏngu [A study of Koryŏ political institutional history] (Seoul: Ilchokak, 1971); Kim Tangt’aek, Koryŏ muin chŏnggwo ̆n yŏngu [A study of Koryŏ military rule] (Seoul: Saemunsa, 1987); Min Pyŏngha, Koryŏ musin chŏnggwŏn yŏngu [A study of Koryŏ military officers’ rule] (Seoul: Sŏnggyungwan University Press, 1990); Kim Kwangsik, Koryŏ muin chŏnggwo ̆n kwa pulgyogye [Koryŏ military rule and Buddhism] (Seoul: Minjoksa, 1995); Hong Sŭnggi [Hong Seung-ki], Koryŏ kwijok sahoe wa nobi [Aristocratic society of Koryŏ and slavery] (Seoul: Ilchokak, 1983), which is a revision of his Koryŏ sidae nobi yŏngu [A study of slavery in the Koryŏ period] (Seoul: Hanguk yŏngu ch’ongsŏ, 1981); and Hong Sŭnggi, ed., Koryŏ muin chŏnggwŏn yŏngu [A study of Koryŏ military rule] (Seoul: Sŏgang University Press, 1995). Introduction 1. This analysis is based largely on the conclusions offered by James B. Palais in his review essay, “Land Tenure in Korea: Tenth to Twelfth Century,” Journal of Korean Studies 4 (1982–1983):73–206. See also Palais’ recent publication Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996). Palais based his analysis on many of the primary and secondary sources cited in this work. 2. See Hugh Kang, “The Development of the Korean Ruling Class from Late Silla to Early Koryŏ” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1964), pp. 177–178. If all positions were filled, these divisions would contain about 45,000 men. See also Yi Kibaek, “Koryŏ kyŏnggun ko” [A study of the Koryŏ central armies], in Koryŏ pyŏngjesa yŏngu [A study of the history of Koryŏ military institutions ] (Seoul: Ilchokak, 1968), and Koryŏsa pyŏngji yŏkchu [Translation...