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Index
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267 Index abortion. See reproduction advertising. See media age differences, 96, 130, 167, 183, 187, 193, 204, 215–16, 225 amae, 19, 22, 49, 72–73, 103. See also dependency American: ideas in constitution, 33, 49; Japanese stereotypes of, 15, 22, 28, 42– 43, 58, 139, 162, 165, 196, 224; self, 5; stereotypes of, 4–5 ancestors, 41, 50, 111, 149, 186, 243n.2 (48); anomaly, 41; maternal, 111, 149, 186; offerings, 50, 243n.2 (48) arts: ’70s, 34, 236; aikido, 109; boundless self, 31; calligraphy, 21–26, 34, 141, 195; flower arranging, 117, 164–67; Noh, 117; pivot for self, 34–35; tea ceremony, 148, 195, 203; teaching elders, 160; tea lessons, 91–93; traditional , 34, 236; training, 25 authority, 24, 30, 55–57, 78. See also hierarchy backstage spaces: ’70s, 51; ’80s, 70–72, 77, 96–98, 109, 237; ’90s, 135, 158– 59, 174–79; blocked by in-laws, 55– 57; home, 48–49; husband’s, 52; sexuality , 52–53, 146; truths, 16, 29–31; women’s personal expression, 38–40; young women, 190–93, 211, 215, 218, 225. See also front stage; multiple stages; self bar hostess, 17, 39, 42, 54–55, 134, 145 birth control. See reproduction body, women: biological intent, 217; change with context, 2, 27; consumption , 69; elder care, 177; expression of difference, 97, 98; high modernity, 234; individuality, 5; media, 130; motherly, 18–19, 216; order and change, 67; resistance via, 80, 216; restrained, 13– 14, 34; somatic expression, 47, 82, 237 boyfriends, 188, 192–94, 195, 203, 210, 215, 220, 230. See also husbands cancer, 56, 108, 197 catching up with the West, 14, 15, 236 children: average number born, 16, 18, 242n.5 (16); childbearing: negative attitudes toward, 126, 131, 194, 214, 216, 225, positive attitudes toward, 188–89, 201, 207, 215–17; child leave, 129, 217; consumption, 129; delaying, 225; maturity via, 220–21; need for siblings, 130; subsidies 252n.1 (228). See also day care; demography; mothers Citizen’s Life White Paper: ’80s, 67, 101, 198, 244n.4 (66), 247n.5 (127), 249n.1 (162). See also national ideologies class difference: among households, 57; among women, 54; blurred, 145, 148, 166, 237, 245n.6 (94); elderly care, 19; magazines, 130, 249n.5 (148); Northeastern ’80s, 91–96; part-time work, 268 Index 112–20; pension system, 17; suspect, 98; Tokugawa era, 7; Tokyo ’80s, 81; work, 99, 120–21. See also middle class; working class code switching, 38–39, 48 community, 129 compassion, 15, 34, 69, 129–30, 158, 161, 177–78, 183, 238 conflict, 28–29, 38, 180 consumption, 35; ’80s, 66, 69–70; high modernity, 234; meaning of Western goods, 148–53, 249n.5 (148); protests, 72, 174; single women ’90s, 128, 130– 31, 137, 182, 187–89, 192–93, 210. See also home styles contradictions: addressing husbands, 156; babies outside marriage, 216; delaying marriage, 222; elderly, 162, 164; for widows, 54; high modernity, 235; husband and child, 75; magazines ’90s, 131; part-time work, 71, 100–101; self, 1, 86, 236; single women, 185, 203; social/personal, 32; strength of character , 59; volunteering, 176; women ’70s, 41; work, 198, 202, 207; work and home, 69, 119; young women, 239 co-opting women’s activities, 71, 135, 161, 250n.10 (174) corporations, 15, 17, 71, 73, 118, 125, 131, 134, 152, 170, 185, 193; changes, 134; corporate society, 132, 182; discrimination , 199–200, 202–03; little challenge, 230; management system, history, 8; marriage introductions, 218; performance based evaluation, 134, 170, 193, 202, 208–09 counseling, 197, 251n.9 (197) cultural centers: critique, 72, 80, 114, 141, 166, 174, 248n.4 (141); national ideology, 67 cultural nationalism, 14–15 day care, 65, 82, 129; Angel Plan, 129, 132; elderly, 176, 227–28, 230 daughters. See mothers death: burial, 148, 160, 171; funeral, 108, 138, 178, 248n.2 (138), 250n.2 (178) demography: dependency ratio, 125, 247n.2 (125); elders, 160, 162, 176; fertility rate, 125, 216, 242n.5 (16), 243n.2 (65), 247n.2 (125); ideological discourse, 127–30, 247n.3 (127); men’s population high, 247n.8 (132); no foreign immigration, 134; sense of crisis, 125, 180, 185, 216, 238. See also government policies; national ideologies ; reproduction dependency: avoidance of, 108–11, 173; doctors, 68, 72–73; husband–wife, 85, 93, 107, 215; mother–child, 26, 46; mother-in-law/daughter-in-law, 56, 86; superior–inferior, 22, 28, 36; women at work, 103; young women, 191, 196, 202, 218, 224, 226. See also amae diversity, 66...