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Note on Translations, References, and Usage of Chinese and Japanese Names, Dates, and Terms all chinese and japanese names, except for those of authors writing in English, appear with surname first. Following customary usage, premodern Japanese individuals and most of those born through the nineteenth century are referred to by their given or artist names. Family names are used for reference to more recent individuals and authors. Exceptions to this rule occasionally occur when I employ names customarily used for some long-lived modern artists. I state ages according to Western calculation and have converted the traditional system of noting dates according to era names into their Western equivalents. Names for important Buddhist deities and texts are given in Sanskrit (Skt.) and, when appropriate, in Chinese (Ch.). Names of Chinese residents in Japan are rendered in both Chinese Pinyin Romanization and Japanese (Jp.) initially and subsequently only in Japanese. I provide measurements in the metric system. ...

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