China: Understanding Its Past

Index

A 255 Index Agriculture, 11 crop production, map 9 Amnesty International, 222 Analects, The, of Confucius foundation of Chinese thinking, 45–48 part of schooling, 19–20 See also Confucius, Confucianism, and Filial piety. Anti-Rightist Movement, 210–211 Chiang Kai-shek, illus. 175, 180 defeat of, 180, 182–184 as head of the Republic of China, 175 as leader of the Guomingdang, 175–176 Sun Yat-sen and, 174–175 Children filial piety and, 41–43 obligations of, 9 China famine in, 19th century, 124–127 foreign encroachment in, 109–122 passim, 172, 174 as “Middle Kingdom” and “Celestial Empire,” 78 tribute system in, 78–80 Chinese Communist Party Anti-Rightist Movement of, 210–211 anti-traitor campaigns of, 183 Civil War of 1945–1949, 180, 182–183 economic reform by, 202 formation of, 174, 176 Great Leap Forward of, 207–208 Guomingdang and, 177–180 Hundred Flowers Movement and, 210 land reform by, 179–180, 182–183, 202–203 Long March of, 177–178 Mao Zedong and, 187 takeover of China, map 184 use of propaganda, 190, 200, 216 chinoiserie, illus. 85 vogue in Europe, 71, 85 Christianity Confucianism and, 71 introduction into China, 60 Jesuit missionary activity, 71 Kublai Khan and, 65–66 Cixi, Empress Dowager, illus. 142 Reform Movement and, 139–140, 142–143 Yuan Shikai and, 144 Civil service system, 29–30 Confucianism and, 29 end of, 30, 33 examinations in, 24–28; illus. 24–26 origins in Han Dynasty, 29 social mobility and, 84 Taiping reforms and, 132 Collectivization. See Commune. Columbus, Christopher Marco Polo and, 63 Commissioner Lin. See Lin Zexu. Commune, 202–203, 205 family life, 227–231 B “Barbarians” (man yi) Han people’s scorn for, 80 Hsiung-nu people as, 80 northern nomad tribes as, 80–81 Westerners as, 81, 83 Boxer Protocol, 142 Boxer Rebellion, 140–142 Boxers. See Boxer Rebellion. Boys. See Sons. Bride. See Marriage. Britain, 82–83 British East India Company, 98, 100 edict to King George III, 88–91 letter to Queen Victoria, 99 Macartney mission of, 86–87 most-favored nation, 109–111 opium trade, 93–94, 98 opium war, 100–104 Treaty of Nanjing, 105 Buddha (Gautama), 52 Buddhism, 52–53; illus. 53 Confucianism and, 52 karma, reincarnation, and nirvana, 52 Neo-Confucianism and, 49 origin and spread to China, 52, 67 C CCP. See Chinese Communist Party. Canton (Guangzhou) “Placard Posted in Guangzhou,” excerpt, 110–111 South China port and foreign trade zone, 82 Canton system factories of, illus. 83 hong merchants of, 82–83, 89–90 means of controlling foreign trade, 82–83 Capture of Zhenjiang, The, excerpt, 101–104 256 Communism “Communist Manifesto, The”, 185, 187 Confucianism and, 49 Maoism and, 187 Marxism and, 185 Marxism–Leninism and, 186 propaganda teams, 164 Taiping Rebellion and, 132–133 use of propaganda, 190, 200 Compradors, 121 Confucianism basis of family, society, and government, 29, 47 Five Cardinal Relationships in, 43–44, 47 in Han Dynasty, 48 Legalism and, 54 Mao Zedong and, 49, 187 Matteo Ricci and, 72 replaced by Communism, 49 role of women in, 47 spread of, 48–49 as state ideology, 48–49 See also Confucius and Neo-Confucianism. Confucius Analects, The, 45–48 early life, 48 Six Arts of, 48 teachings of, 29–30, 45–46 Cooperatives. See Communes. Cultural Revolution, illus. 207–208, 211 class struggle, 229–231 cult of Mao, 215 effects on diplomatic relations, 246 led by Mao Zedong, 208 personal account of, 208–214 use of propaganda, 216–217 Deng Xioaping, illus. 221 class struggle, 229 diplomatic relations, 246 economic reforms of, 216, 220–221, 246 and Great Leap Forward, 207 land reforms of, 219–221 rise to power, 221 Diplomatic immunity, 119 Double Ten, 146, 175 Dutch Netherlands East India Company, 82 occupation of Formosa (Taiwan), 81 trade with China, 82; illus. 81, 82 Dynastic cycles. See Dynasties. Dynasties, maps 31 decline of, 127–128 dynastic cycles, 33, 127–128 emperors, 32 D E Economic reform by Communists, 202–203 by Deng Xiaoping, 220–221 Education reform of in Late Qing, 143 See Civil service system, examinations in. Emigration, 128, 243 Emperor authority as “Mandate of Heaven,” 32, 78 role in tribute system, 79–80 titles of, 32, 78 England. See Britain. Europe, medieval feudalism in, 61 Examinations civil service, 24–28; illus. 24–26 school, 20–21 Extraterritoriality, 115, 117–120 F Families during the Great Leap Forward, 227–231 in imperial period, 43–44 in the People’s Republic of China...