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Appendix B. Evidence Chart Based on Materials Discussed in Chapter 1
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Appendix B Evidence Chart Based on Materials Discussed in Chapter 1 233 POLITY Date Evidence of Buddhist activity Sources General observations 5th–7th ce Buddha images in Mekong Delta area—imported Extant statuary and locally produced. Iconography suggests presence of 9ràvakayàna. Mahayana influences also present, though less evident 480–510 Buddhist monks from Funan active in Middle Kingdom c. 514–c. 550 Rudravarman sends Buddhist cult objects to Chinese emperor 546 Paramàrtha, an important Indian Mahayanist, leaves Funan after extended stay for China Mid-6th ce Possible existence of monastic Buddhism in royal circles K. 40 Possible state persecution of Buddhism early in century Chinese sources Invocation to Buddha, Maitreya, and Avalokite8vara K. 163 Possible existence of Theravada-like practices K. 388, K. 755, and K. 505 Institution of monastic slavery K. 163 and K. 505 664 Possible existence of monastic Buddhism in royal circles K. 49 708 Image of Prajñàpàramità established K. 132 761 Early Khmer use of Pali Prachinburi inscription 791 Image of Loke8vara established K. 244 886 Buddhism in the Mun valley K. 495 Ya8ovarman I establishes Brahmanical and Buddhist K. 290 monasteries Evidence of Brahmanical/Buddhist syncretism in Ya8ovar- K. 290 and K. 701 man I’s reign Funan (to c. 550) Zhenla (550 to 802) Existence of 9ràvakayàna and Mahayana Buddhism as background to Brahmanical state cult. Some evidence for Funan as center of Buddhist learning and scholarship Buddhist decline in early period followed by modest reemergence of both 9ràvakayàna and Mahayana, probably in royal circles Chinese sources Late 9th 7th ce [44.200.196.114] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 19:18 GMT) From Explosion of Buddhist imagery Carvings, mid-10th statuary, etc. 960 K. 266 + Bat Chum 961 K. 806 968 K. 111 1020s Possible existence of Mahayanist philosophical concepts K. 410 1066 Mahayana philosophy, and supporting Indic texts, circulate Sab Bàk inscription 1108 Mahayana and 9ràvakayàna monks in Lopburi area K. 394 Early 12th Tantric ideas in Khmer domains Beng Mealea and Banteay Samre 1181–c. 1220 Tantric ideas and imagery at Phimai. Mahayanist temples appear at Angkor c. 1243–1295 Jayavarman VII emerges as Buddhist monarch. Many Mahayanist structures built. Evidence of highly symbolic ordering of realm in line with Buddhist cosmological teachings 1296–1297 Possible contacts with Mahayanist scholiasts fleeing Muslim Circumstantial persecution in north India 13th-14th Possible Buddhist (Theravada?) contacts with Burma, Burmese and CeyCeylon lonese sources Anti-Buddhist backlash under Jayavarman VIII Buddhist imagery vandalized Probable existence of 9ràvakayàna (Theravada?) monks at Angkor Zhou Daguan 9ràvakayàna temple constructed at Angkor Preah Palilay Angkor (802 to 1431) Background presence of Buddhism until c. 10th century, after which Mahayanist and Tantric tendencies spread Mahayana becomes state ideology under Jayavarman VII; Brahmanical and Mahayanist influences waning as Angkorian civilization begins its decline Growth and survival of 9ràvakayàna Buddhism into the post-Angkorian period Buddha, Avalokite8vara, Prajñàpàramità triad installed at Angkor + some tantric imagery Abundant archaeology and epigraphy ...