Bridging Mental Boundaries in a Postcolonial Microcosm: Identity and Development in Vanuatu

Notes

Notes preface 1. Ron Crocombe, “The Continuing Creation of Identities in the Paci¤c Islands : Blood, Behaviour, Boundaries and Belief,” in David Hooson, ed., Geography and National Identity (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), p. 313. 2. Helen Hintjens and Malyn Newitt, eds., The Political Economy of Small Tropical Islands: The Importance of Being Small (Exeter, U.K.: University of Exeter Press, 1992). 3. See, for example, his Sovereignty and Survival: Island Microstates in the Third World. Research Monograph No. 3, Department of Geography, University of Sydney, 1988. introduction 1. It is for this reason that I extend my sympathy to specialists of the erstwhile Soviet Union who, as a result of its breakup, have been forced to become experts about an additional fourteen independent republics. 2. G. Raymond Babineau, “The Compulsive Border Crosser,” Psychiatry 35 (1972): 283. 3. Avner Falk, “Border Symbolism Revisited,” in Howard F. Stein and William G. Niederland, Maps from the Mind: Readings in Psychogeography (Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1989), p. 157. 4. For a geographical analysis of such phenomena, see Mark W. Corson and Julian V. Minghi, “Reuni¤cation of Partitioned Nation-States: Theory versus Reality in Vietnam and Germany,” Journal of Geography 93 (1994). 5. William F. S. Miles, Hausaland Divided: Colonialism and Independence in Nigeria and Niger (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). 6. William F. S. Miles, Elections and Ethnicity in French Martinique: A Paradox in Paradise (New York: Praeger, 1986). 7. William F. S. Miles, Imperial Burdens: Countercolonialism in Former French India (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995). 8. Conventionally, independent polities with populations of less than one million have been designated ministates, whereas microstates are those with fewer than a half-million inhabitants. Except for the former Soviet republics and con213 stituent parts of Yugoslavia, virtually all independences since that of Vanuatu have been those of microstates, most of them insular: Belize (1981), Antigua and Barbuda (1981), St. Kitts and Nevis (1983), Brunei Darusalaam (1984), the Marshall Islands (1991), the Federated States of Micronesia (1991), and Palau (1994). In the early 1990s, four long-standing independent ministates—Liechtenstein, San Marino, Andorra, and Monaco—also joined the United Nations. By the mid1990s a full one-¤fth of the UN was composed of member states of less than one million. If one raises the demographic threshold of “ministatehood,” as global population growth logically demands, to, say, 1.5 million, then nearly one-quarter (45 out of 185) of the UN has come to include ministates. 9. Ron Crocombe, “The Continuing Creation of Identities in the Paci¤c Islands : Blood, Behavior, Boundaries and Belief,” in David Hooson, ed., Geography and National Identity (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), p. 326. 10. Carol M. Eastman, Language Planning: An Introduction (San Francisco: Chandler and Sharp, 1983), p. 49. 11. I have also made this point with reference to Israeli and Palestinian French-speakers. See William F. S. Miles, “Minoritarian Francophonie: The Case of Israel, with Special Reference to the Palestinian Territories,” International Migration Review 29 (1995). 12. Fredrik Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969). 13. A. I. Asiwaju, Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations across Africa’s International Boundaries, 1884–1984 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985). 14. Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). 15. Claude Raffestin, Pour une géographie du pouvoir (Paris: Librairies Techniques , 1980). 16. For a comprehensive treatment of Vanuatu history and politics from the perspective of the unfolding con¶ict over land, see Howard van Trease’s excellent The Politics of Land in Vanuatu: From Colony to Independence (Suva: University of the South Paci¤c, 1987). 17. B. Hours, “Un Mouvement politico-religieux Néo-Hébridais: Le Nagriamel,” ORSTOM 11 (1974): pp. 230–231. 18. Author’s interview with Prime Minister Carlot Korman, 1992. 19. For my treatment of political geography, I have relied on Martin Ira Glassner, Political Geography (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992); Jean Gottman, The Signi¤cance of Territory (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1973); Peter M. Slowe, Geography and Political Power: The Geography of Nations and States (London: Routledge, 1990); and Peter Taylor, Political Geography : World-Economy, Nation-State and Locality, 3d ed. (Essex: Longman Scienti¤c and Technical, 1993). 20. Roger Downs and David Stea, Maps in Minds: Re¶ections on Cognitive Mapping (New York: Harper and Row, 1977). Notes to Pages 5–8 214 [18.216.32.116] Project MUSE (2024-04-25 17...