American Aloha: Cultural Tourism and the Negotiation of Tradition

Index

251 Index Numbers in bold refer to photographs. Adams, Robert McCormick, 127, 149 aestheticization, 5, 23, 215, 216 African Americans, 73, 74, 84, 196–197 agency: counter-histories, 128, 130; creative agency, 181; dancers at Columbian Exposition, 20; festival representation, 92; participants, 135, 216 ‘âina, 60, 103, 111, 129, 206 Akaka, Abraham, 47–48 Akaka, Daniel Kahikina, 43, 148, 152, 161 aloha: appropriation, 69, 76, 164, 206, 217; basis of program success, 203; definition, 75; festival theme, 122, 137, 144, 150; Hawaiian hospitality , 13, 26, 202; ideal, 48, 75, 218; participants as ambassadors, 142; tourist greeting, 148 American Folklife Center, 68, 79, 214. See also National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) anachronism, 112–113 anecdotes, 131–133, 145, 158, 164, 166 animals, 145–146, 173, 226n14 anthropology, 27–28, 30, 64, 204, 217. See also Beckwith, Martha; ethnography ; Roberts, Helen Asia/Pacific Research Center, 10, 199–202 audience. See visitors audio recordings, 162, 184–185. See also Folkways Recordings authenticity: absence of children, 157; concerns for folklife festivals, 78; conflicting notions, 7, 9, 88–89, 92, 166; definition, 99; ethics, 78; HSFCA programs, 37, 40; museums , 63; performance, 135, 138, 173; program book, 127; restaging , 187, 206; site design, 98–99, 101–102, 104, 108–116, 119; tourism, 26–27, 100, 208; zones, 155–156. See also “staged back regions” Auwe, Henry “Papa,” 117, 156–157, 169, 171 Babcock, Barbara, 148 Bacchilega, Cristina, 27 “backyard” culture, 89, 166 Beckwith, Martha, 27–28, 30 Belanus, Betty, 187 Bendix, Regina, 99 Bennington, Jeanette “Benjie,” 83, 156 Big Five, 24, 33 Bishop Museum, 29, 30, 38, 43, 53, 220 bon dance, 1, 82, 88, 117, 147, 160, 170, 182, 193 boundaries: blurred, 154–155; boundary -crossings, 160–161, 173, 202; permeable, 3, 9 Bowman, Kent, 154 252 Index Brodie, Sally, 114, 118 Buck, Elizabeth, 13, 15 Burns, John, 33–34 canoes, 1, 2, 19, 57, 70–71, 90, 103, 134, 154 canonization, 178–179. See also tradition Cantwell, Robert, 5, 101, 174 Carriera, Josephine, 163 Cato, Robert, 160, 170–171, 172 Celebrating Hawai‘i’s Cultures (Guigni/ Juniroa), 179–181, 183 Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (CFCH): catalyst for local projects, 176; cultural advocacy, 135; history, 2; mission, 157, 180–181; relationship to Smithsonian , 126. See also Smithsonian Institution Chait, Melanie, 46, 50 chant. See Hawaiian music: mele and oli Chinese: demonstration kitchen, 156; festival selection, 88, 89, 93–94, 96; fieldwork, 74, 77, 160; panidentity in signs, 124; program opening ritual, 151; restaging, 190; site design, 112 Christians: Ecumenical Council on Tourism, 205–206; participant selection, 111–112; United Church of Christ, 209. See also Koreans; LDS; missionaries; Portuguese colonialism: influence on tradition, 127; Hawai‘i, 15, 129, 208, 215; neocolonialism , 130, 216; responses, 17. See also Hawai‘i; military; missionaries concessions, 119–120, 141, 180 cosmopolitanism, 129, 203, 205 “Cosmopolitan Hawaii: Culture at the Crossroads” (Kennedy with Martin), 195 creolization: Caribbean program, 149; cultural expressions, 32, 85, 139; program theme, 9–10, 83, 127–128, 139, 151, 205. See also hybridity; pidgin; tradition: shared cultural authority: institutional, 58, 64, 127, 144, 178; local, 78; participant voices, 113, 158; performance , 135, 166; questions of who can speak, 9, 213; representations in program videos, 179–183; signs framing performance, 121, 126. See also agency cultural capital, 174, 177–178 cultural conservation. See cultural preservation cultural homogeneity, 5, 10, 94, 215 cultural practitioners. See tradition; tradition bearers cultural preservation: Asia/Pacific research center, 200, 211; countering cultural erosion, 130–131; narrative stage topic, 191; NEA and HSFCA programs, 9, 37–38; SFF mission, 2, 5–6, 14–15, 184, 192 cultural revival: countering cultural loss, 130; crafts, 70–71, 90, 93; grassroots, 39; HSFCA inspired, 42, 45, 81; narrative stage topic, 161; Native Hawaiian, 45–50, 57; political nature, 59. See also renaissance culture bearers. See tradition bearers culture brokers: appeal of inclusivity, 217–218; early figures, 30; ethics, 5, 42; interpretation, 131–132; local, 177–178; narratives of festival, 183–184; self-reflexivity, 11, 204; Smithsonian, 4, 63–64. See also cultural authority Davis, Susan G., 172 Delima, Frank, 61 demographics: Hawai‘i, 83–84; Hawai‘i program, 105, 112; omissions, 168 demonstrations: performance, 2, 147, 154, 155, 156, 158, 161, 166; planning, 102, 108; site design, Index 253 134. See also Hawai‘i program; stages Desmond, Jane, 13, 14, 21, 22, 220 dialogue, SFF model, 3, 9, 11, 121, 155, 158, 161, 174, 178, 214 diaspora, Native Hawaiian, 123...