Ambition and Identity: Chinese Merchant Elites in Colonial Manila, 1880–1916

Notes

Notes 229 Abbreviations Used BR Blair and Robertson, eds., The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 BIA Bureau of Insular Affairs Archives CNA Cablenews-American DSPH Gregorio F. Zaide, ed., Documentary Sources of Philippine History FMZS Huang Xiaocang, ed., Feilübin Minlila Zhonghua shanghui sanshi zhounian jinian kan GMYS Hong Ziyou, Geming yishi LWZGQ J Li Hongzhang, Li wenzhong gong quanji MT Manila Times QCSWXTK Liu Jinzao, ed., Qingchao shu wenxian tongkao Q JWJSL Wang Liang, ed., Qingji waijiao shiliao ROPC 1900 United States Philippine Commission, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, 1900 ROPC 1901 United States Philippine Commission, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, 1901 SZRJ Zhang Yinhuan, Sanzhou riji ZWXGQ J Zhang Zhidong, Zhang wenxiang gong quanji ZWXGSG Zhang Zhidong, Zhang wenxiang gong sigao ZMGXSL Zhongmei guanxi shiliao Introduction 1. Given political overtones of the term “huaqiao,” commonly translated as “overseas Chinese,” I prefer to apply the terms “Chinese overseas” or “Chinese migrants” to describe ethnic Chinese who settle or sojourn outside the Chinese nation-space. 2. Sing-wu Wang, The Organization of Chinese Emigration, 1848–1888, 17–33; Wu Jianxiong, “Cong haiqin dao huaqiao,” in his Haiwai yimin yu huaren shehui, 2–11. 3. Michael R. Godley, The Mandarin Capitalists from Nanyang, 92–93. 4. Wang Gungwu, “A Note on the Origins of Hua-ch’iao,” in Wang Gungwu, Community and Nation: Essays on Southeast Asia and the Chinese, 118–127. 5. Foreign media and host governments were very interested in the loyalties of the local Chinese and their responses to major events in China. One 230 Notes to Pages 6–13 can often get a better idea of how Chinese overseas felt about specific issues than of an analogous merchant community in a Chinese city, whose opinions were less frequently polled. 6. Duara claims that the republican vision of the revolution subsequently buried the alternative strands of Chinese modernity offered by the Qing and by the reformist movement. Prasenjit Duara, “Nationalists among Transnationals,” 53–58. 7. These enterprises were initially designed to defray the costs of the movement. One notable and scandalous business venture was the King Joy Lo Restaurant in Chicago, which began as a joint effort between the Chin family and Kang Youwei. It was partly conceived as a way for the Chins to displace the Moy family at the apex of Chicago’s Chinatown, but it ultimately failed as both a business venture and a Chin power play as the Moys parlayed rival connections with Beijing into local political clout. Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change, 205–206. 8. Duara, “Nationalists among Transnationals.” In this essay, Duara returns to themes he raised in his Rescuing History from the Nation. See also Wang Gungwu, “The Limits of Nanyang Chinese Nationalism, 1912–1937,” in Wang, Community and Nation: Essays on Southeast Asia and the Chinese, 142–158. 9. G. William Skinner, “Creolized Chinese Societies in Southeast Asia,” 51. 10. See also Christine Dobbin, Asian Entrepreneurial Minorities, and Skinner , “Creolized.” 11. Notably Lea Williams and Kwee Tek Hoay. 12. Claudine Salmon examines attempts by the Peranakans in Java to reassert their Chinese identity through institutional and educational reform in “Ancestral Halls, Funeral Associations, and Attempts at Resinicization in Nineteenth Century Netherlands India.” 13. As the number of potential allies—including various Chinese governments and political movements, agencies of the colonial government, and new social groups in Philippine society—and institutional models—consulates , chambers of commerce, political parties—increased in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so too did the complexity and sophistication of the Chinese elite’s alliance-forming strategies. 14. See John Omohundro, Chinese Merchant Families in Iloilo, and Modesto P. Sa-onoy, The Chinese in Negros. 15. Alfonso Felix, Jr., ed., The Chinese in the Philippines, 1770–1898; Emma H. Blair and James. A. Robertson, eds., The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 (hereafter BR); Khin Khin Myint Jensen, “The Chinese in the Philippines during the American Regime.” 16. Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850–1898, vii. 17. For the late Qing dynasty, see Henry Shih-shan Tsai, China and the Notes to Pages 14–16 231 Overseas Chinese in the United States, 1868–1911; Yen Ching-hwang, “Overseas Chinese Nationalism in Singapore and Malaya, 1877–1912”; Yen Chinghwang , “Ch’ing Sale of Honours and the Chinese Leadership in Singapore and Malaya, 1877–1912”; Yen Ching-hwang, Coolies and Mandarins; and Michael R. Godley, The Mandarin...