A Grammar of South Efate

Abbreviations

Abbreviations a.a. AD ambi ART ass.pl BEN CND COMP CONC COP CTP d. DET ditr DK DP DST DUR ES ex/excl EXCL HAB HESIT IF in/incI INJ INT intr IPA IR IRR LOC NEG NEG2 NMLS used for the common backchannel and confirmation interjection, realised variously as [mlm], [nin], or [ala] addressee deictic, deictic close to addressee (go) ambitransitive article (used of na-) associative plural (mana) benefactive (used of possessive pronouns in pre-main verb position) conditional if in PVC). The related formfla is glossed as 'may'. complementizer concluding particle (nta) copula complement-taking predicate dual determiner (te-) ditransitive dyadic kinterm marker (used of tem as in tem-palun 'a group of brothers') direct possession distant (used of =n clitic to distinguish a more distant location) (only glossed when necessary due to considerations of space) durative (ta in the PVC) echo-subject (kai) exclusive, ex is used in glossing, and excl is used in tables and in the body of the text exclamation habitual (to in the PVC) hesitation, typically used of conventionalized hesitation markers like: na, nana, but also used to gloss false starts intensifier (used ofpe in 'verb pe verb') inclusive, in is used in glossing, and incl is used in tables and in the body of the text interjection/exclamation (as in a? tag question, or a.a. affirmation) interrogative (question-forming final tags like a? go?) intransitive International Phonetic Alphabet irrealis (on verbs with initial mutation, e.g., freg 'make:IR') irrealis subject locative negation particle (ta) second negation particle (mau) nominalizer (used ofwenlien on nominalised verbs) xix Abbreviations NP o OBL 01/02 p. p.name PF POc POS PR PREP PROG PS PSP PURP PVC R RC RED REL RR RS sg S STAT SUB SVC TMA TOP TR TS V VC Noun Phrase object oblique, used of one of the pronoun paradigms which encodes non-core case roles (not subject or object) first object, second object (of ditransitive verbs) plural (used in glosses to avoid a clash with the capital I in irrealis forms. In other cases the standard abbreviation pi is used. proper name (including placenames) perfect (glosses the aspect marker pe, and the post-verbal particle su) Proto-Oceanic possessive presentative particle (Ida) preposition progressive (of to in the PVC) perfect subject prospective (used for the aspect marker polJo) purpose, used of na 'in order to' pre-verbal complex realis (on forms that undergo initial mutation, e.g., preg 'make.R'). The realis form is taken as basic and so is not marked except where needed to make a particular point. relative clause reduplication of previous morpheme, especially of habitual tototo or 'until' frompan 'go' (panpanpan) also written as a full stop between the reduplicated forms (e.g., mai.mai) relativizer (used of nen, na, nag, and Idn) reflexive/reciprocal (used of the PVC particle tmeltmo) realis subject singular transitive and intransitive subject stative (used for the PVC to) subordinator serial verb construction Tense, Mood, Aspect topic marker (used of wan, and Id in post nominal position) transitivizer (used of-Id) transitive suffix (used to allow an 0 suffix to be expressed) used for the epenthetic vowel preceding DP suffixes verbal complex made up of pre-verbal particles, the auxiliary and the verb, and optional 0 suffix xx ...